Jews of Egypt

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What is this book? It is not an exaggeration to say something about it: it is the first book of its kind. Or the first integrated study in this particular field, the field of Jewish life and Zionist activity in Egypt or in the rest of the Arab world, with the exception of Palestine, of course. Some translations, perhaps we have books that are close to being long articles. We have started to have a good number of researches, studies and books on Israel, the global Zionist movement and the Arab-Zionist conflict, perhaps only since the inception . 7 . . SEITE 7

of the The Palestinian Organization Research Center of the PLO and the Institute for Palestinian Studies touched upon still very many. Research and study of what is published, is still a little.. I mean the research that goes back to the references and trawls through the sources and extracts and new conclusions, and I do not mean to write opinions, personal thoughts and comments. Among these areas that have not yet been touched are two areas of great importance. The first is: Jewish life in the country The different Arab, during the period that we can call the period of modern history. The second field is: the Zionist movement and its activity in the various Arab countries, since the emergence of the Zionist movement in the modern era, people think It was focused on Palestine alone, and from this perception, another conception is born, which explains that Israel did, which is that the jews of SEITE 8

the Arab countries were surprised by the rise of Israel, and the resulting reactions. So they hastened to flee from the Arab countries in which they were living and carrying its gift, to Israel • Both concepts are wrong, as this research in our hands reveals to us. It was natural that much of its activity was directed to the Jews scattered in various Arab countries. And to work to undermine their affiliation with these countries so that they become either immigrants to Israel or aides to Israel wherever they are in any Arab country. We do not say that Zionism recruited every Jew in every Arab country. We do not agree with every event, from circumstances to encouraging Arab Jews to go to Israel. But what the research adds is: Zionism began with activity among Arab Jews, and it is the one who deliberately sowed disunitey between them and the villages in which they lived and belonged: because this is part of its general thinking and activity that it practices with the Jews of the whole world •. .. SEITE 9

A, this book responds to these two misconceptions by telling us about Jewish life in one of the Arab countries, Egypt, and the features that this life had… industry, commerce, schools, sports, press, membership in parliaments. Then he tells us about the beginnings of the Zionist movement in Egypt, and the methods it resorted to. However, what is important in the book is the original research and investigation effort made by the two professors Ahmed Ghoneim and Ahmed Abu Kaf to put this picture in a framework of facts, documents, and documents Ahmed Bahaa El-Din SEITE 10

In the second decade of this century, a book was published by a French-Jewish author and Narcisse Leven, entitled “Fifty Years of History”, in which he described the Jewish community at that time by saying: The Jewish community in Cairo consisted of 15,000 people. It is made up of a set of disparate elements. It includes Jews of different nationalities, speaking multiple languages and dialects, and the most prominent Jewish elements, the most important of which is the local element, as it is the richest and most authentic Jewish group, and the local element is proud of being the maker of Jewish glories in Egypt. In terms of the Sephardi sect, while the Qaraite sect numbered about five hundred families, the majority of the Jews were from one hundred families and enjoyed a high financial position. Just as the followers of the Ashkenazi sect numbered about five hundred families. Although these families were among the poorest Jews in Egypt, given that they were the most recent of them to reside in the country, the most important thing that distinguishes them is their great activity, and their superior ability to work. Although 12 - SEITE 12

The beginning of the First World War, their number increased significantly as a result of their immigration from Fadi Setin. The arrivals to Alexandria were a group of Jews from Russia, Romania, Yemen, and Turkey. They all came to escape persecution, to find a refuge that guarantees them the possibility of development and freedom of work. In this paragraph that we mentioned in its text From the book and Narcissus Lifan, what sheds light, for the first time, on the situation of the Jews in Egypt at the beginning of this century and it is clear that they were living in security and tranquility, and Egypt was in their eyes a faithful refuge, to which they would flee from the dangers, grievances, and persecution they were exposed to in most of the countries The civilized world, especially in Eastern Europe, and several years before this time occurred in the history of the Jews of the world, an event that is considered the beginning of the political Zionism movement and had a great impact on the Jews of Egypt in particular, who were receiving in the era of Khedive Abbas Hilmi all care and sympathy. In August of 1897 the first Zionist conference was held International in the Swiss city of Basel. Its convening came as a result of global Zionist political measures, and the ancient Zionist Theodore Herzl was able to resurrect the spirit in it, and what he said in that we are here laying the foundation stone in building the house that will house the Jewish nation, and the house that the Zionist Congress had to lay its foundation stone, which he referred to. Herzl, is Palestine. Opening sermon :

In order to build this house, the Zionists agreed on 12-13 SEITE

The following measures: Organizing large-scale Jewish immigration to Palestine 2- Attempting to obtain international recognition of the legitimacy of settlement in Palestine 3- Then attempting to entice the Jews of the world to join the movement that was known since that time as the Zionist movement 4- Establishing branches of Zionist organizations in the countries of the world, to recruit The able and righteous people and the accumulation of funds in order to achieve these goals and on these bases, the Zionist movement began to work.. The leaders of the Zionist movement, and those who advocated for it resorted to the rulers of the countries that have direct links with the region of Palestine: they resorted to Emperor Wilhelm II, and Herzl met him in Constantinople in 1898, and Zionism was You know that Emperor has sacred dreams in the East, but the meeting did not yield anything. However, the Zionist movement did not completely cut off the hope of winning the Kaiser, so Herzl met him again in Europe - but he insisted on his refusal, claiming that participating with Zionism in an agreement regarding Palestine would be considered by the Ottoman Empire as an assault on Her lordship. And the Kaiser is not ready to enter into a conflict with the Ottoman Emperor SEITE 14

Herzl in Egypt. As a result of Herzl's failure with the Kaiser, Zionism decided to turn to the owner of the matter directly. to the Ottoman Sultan, and Herzl reached out to meet him in 1901. In the interview, the Zionist leader of the Sultan tried, on a sensitive chord, for the Jews to take charge of the budget of the Ottoman Empire, which was on the verge of collapse at that time, but he failed in his Zionist endeavors to overthrow it. The Middle East region, and at that time it occupied Egypt, took control of matters in it, and played with rulers as it wanted. In 1902, global Zionism entered into the discussions of the English government, with the aim of persuading it to agree to grant it part of the Sinai Peninsula to establish on it the “national homeland, and perhaps it chose that.” Because Sinai was part of Egypt, occupied by England. For Zionism, Sinai is the closest place to Palestine that falls under British influence. And the closest point to jumping into Palestine is when the individual comes. Likewise, this place is linked in their souls to deep religious memories •..(1-15..

Herzl in Egypt. As a result of Herzl's failure with the Kaiser, Zionism decided to turn to the owner of the matter directly. to the Ottoman Sultan, and Herzl reached out to meet him in 1901. In the interview, the Zionist leader tried to strike a chord with the Sultan, that the Jews would undertake to reform the budget of the Ottoman Empire, which was on the verge of collapse at that time, but he failed in his endeavors. In the face of this failure, Zionism transferred activities to Britain, which at that time had extensive colonial aspirations in the Middle East and was occupying Egypt at that time, taking control of matters in it, and playing with rulers as it liked. In 1902, global Zionism entered the discussions of the English government, with the intent of persuading it to agree to give it a part of the Sinai Peninsula on which to establish a “national home.” Perhaps it chose that because Sinai was part of Egypt, which was occupied by England. For Zionism, Sinai is the closest place to Palestine that falls under British influence. And the closest point to jumping on Palestine is when the individual comes, and also, this place is linked in their souls to deep religious memories • ..15

Officials in Britain were ready at that time to listen to the demands of Zionism. Following the massacres that claimed thousands of Jews in Europe, many of them immigrated to Britain. Britain felt the pressure of this increasing number of Jews on it and the problems that this entailed, the most important of which were economic problems. For this reason, the British Royal Committee on Immigration of Foreigners sent an invitation on October 22, 1952 to Herzl, as the leader of the Zionists, to present it with what he saw as a solution to the issue of the increasing Jewish immigration to Britain. Zionism, and its followers. His interviews with Joseph Chamberlain, the Minister of the Colonies, and Lord Lansedon, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, resulted in a project known as the Arish Project, which provides for the granting of concessions to the Jews over the land located in the Sinai Peninsula, which surrounds the area of Al-Arish, in an area of 630 square miles, due to the success of this agreement Mainly due to the wide influence enjoyed by a British Zionist, Leopold Greenberg, member of the Executive Committee of the Zionist Organization. Concerning the narcolepsy's approach to the project and a committee known as the Zionist Committee arrived in Egypt - 16

And the officials in Britain would prepare at that time to hear the demands of Zionism, as a result of the massacres that claimed thousands of Jews in Europe, many of them emigrated to Britain, and Britain felt the pressure of this increasing number of Jews on it and the problems that this entailed, the most important of which were economic problems. The British Concerning Immigration of Foreigners An invitation on October 22, 1902 to Herzl, as the leader of the Zionists, to offer her what he saw as a solution to the issue of the increasing Jewish immigration to Britain. Herzl arrived in Britain and met a large number of British officials, including some sympathetic English Jews With Zionism, and those who follow its path, his interviews with Joseph Chamberlain, the Minister of Colonies, and Lord Lansedon, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, resulted in a project known as the “Arish Project,” which provides for the granting of rights to the Jews over the lands located in the Sinai Peninsula, which surrounds the Al-Arish area, in an area of 630 square miles. The success of this agreement is mainly due to the wide influence enjoyed by a British Zionist, Hugh Leopold Greenberg » Member of the Executive Committee of the World Organization The beginning of the attempt to implement this project was a letter of recommendation received by Leopold Greenberg from the British Foreign Office to be submitted to Lord Cromer, the British High Commissioner in Egypt at that time, and an understanding with him regarding the Khedive’s approach to the project, and a committee known as the “Zionist Committee ” arrived in Egypt 17

He had just returned from Al-Jazira Sports Club. And this time he met us with doubts that the concession project would be successful, and it seemed to me that “Mr. Bar Nyant, that Englishman who was wearing a fez, had changed his mind. In any case, the matter would not be a question of a direct opposing project, but would be discussed by a council. Ministers: The expansion of the territory that we demanded is the main point of objection. They want to give us lands, but they do not want to give us a territory, and I said: . But we do not accept anything other than obtaining a unified territory. We are not real estate speculators like the ones you find in Egypt. Goldsand said: And the land is of no value. That we first have to do something. Mai Al-Waith said: And what is the duration of the contract? : During 99 years, what if the Egyptian government loses its right to administer the land, that you did not make sufficient efforts to ensure success. My response to Mai Al-Waith was: It can be stipulated in the contract. The concession may be canceled if we do not succeed after twenty years in using two million pounds in investments. I return to the issue of legal security. If it is decided to continue the British occupation in the region, we are not required to take care of all these excused measures, but in any case, our conscience cannot To endure >> ... 18 - ● - 18

The future - the vision of our citizens, who are subject to control and God, and the heir understood what I meant. In the spring of 1903, the mission returned from the Al-Arish area to Cairo, with promising results. And Theodor Herzl went full of hope and promises of help, which behold. It has not a small number of the millions of Jews residing in the Egyptian country, especially in Alexandria, and the date was set to meet Lord Cromer, and Herzl went to him while rubbing his hands with pleasure. But suddenly the Egyptian government announced that it would reconsider the matter and then decided that it could not grant this concession to the Zionists on the grounds that the proposed area for settlement was barren and barren with no water, and that it would definitely need the Nile water, at a time when the country desperately needed every drop of water. Its water drops anyway.. It fell into the hands of the Zionists in this matter, and the news fell on Theodore Herzl like a thunderbolt, and the aspirations of a “prophet” were scattered in space. Egypt, with regard to the main goal of Zionism, was in fact the first Arab opposition to establish a Zionist national homeland. The famous Jewish capitalist families in Egypt rejoiced at the arrival of Herzl, in order to lighten their eyes. His arrival was – 19 – 2 – the Jews and the Zionist movement - »... **** ... · 19

The Jews in Egypt, and heralding the establishment of a political Zionist movement aimed at occupying Palestine and removing the Arabs from it, and establishing a national home for Zionism in it, by making more effort to focus on owning the land of Palestine itself, preparing the migrations necessary for travel, providing funds, supervisors and care for immigrants, and establishing Jewish settlements. The city of Alexandria, the beginning of the Zionist activity, the first moves for this activity began in 1908, when a number of the city’s Jews established a small association called “Bani Zion.” It declared with full frankness the program of the Pal Conference, headed by Dr. Braunstein Steen, Trajan, and Marco Behar Zion, and within a year of the founding of this association 4 until a second association was established alongside it, which included a number of the city’s Jews from Russia, known as the Zaire Zion Association and its president was Simon Zlotan. That it united under its banner to unify the Zionist activity, and the activity of this association was initially confined to a narrow circle, and therefore it held its meetings on some occasions, such as the celebration of Herzl's memory in the homes of its members or in the Ashkenazi sect temple. However, its activity soon expanded and expanded, and a large number of city Jews joined it, so it began organizing lectures, meetings and celebratory celebrations that called for achieving the goals of the World Zionist Organization. I took the Ben Amam hall in the Eliyahu Hanabi temple as a field for her invitation .. ● 20

And when the First World War broke out in 1914, and the Ottoman Empire felt the danger of the Zionist movement in Palestine, and the Levant in general, the Ottoman governor, Ahmed Jamal Pasha, issued in January 1915 an order prohibiting the activity of subversive elements that seek to establish a Zionist government in the land of Palestine, and ordered the closure of the bank. The Anglo-Zionist, disbanding the Hashomer Guards, and forbidding writing in Hebrew on the signs of shops and streets. And he threatened to execute anyone who tempted him to stick a Zionist postage stamp on the letters. He also disarmed the Jewish settlements, and this attack on the Jews in Palestine motivated them to search for an area where they could find security and peace in front of them except Egypt, which received large numbers of Jews medically, which prompted several thousand to migrate to it to escape from Ottoman persecution. Until the day of December 1915, the number of immigrants who set foot on the land of the port of Alexandria reached 11,277. Aly Levi Abu Assal, one of the writers an immigrant, described them in his book by the Egyptian Jews. The awakening of the Jewish world, that they :.. 21

They are rolling on hot coals, and the last four years in a row, they fold their bowels over the folds, they arrive in Egypt, the smell, and they rejoice in the abundance of bliss. The Rabbi of Alexandria, Professor Della Pergola, and his deputy, Rabbi Abraham Abkhazir. Edgar Sawiris, head of the Israeli community in the city, traveled to Cairo, where he met Sultan Hussein Kamel, who on his part showed great sympathy for the refugees, and also met Hussein Rush. In the name of the Prime Minister, and the Egyptian government took the initiative to send one of the Ministry of Interior inspectors to study the conditions of the refugees and to suggest the possibility of helping them in this regard, even as the government did not hesitate to take decisive and quick measures to host them, organize a process of inheritance for them, and restore safety to their souls. And the areas of Al-Qabbary, the municipality in Shatby and the stone building were opened to them for health. When the number of immigrants increased, the Wardian station, the governorate house in Ras al-Tin, and other government places were placed at their disposal, as Sultan Hussein Kamel ordered that they receive a daily subsidy of 80 pounds, which was increased to a hundred pounds, an amount that was not insignificant at that time, in addition to what was It is donated by wealthy Egyptians, Jews and non-Jews . 22

They found it in Egypt: Liberation Camps, and it is considered the best indication of the treatment that the Israelis, in its issue issued on January 31, the country of Egypt, says this journalist in an article published in a magazine. Four people from each Al-Qabbary area, about 1,600 people, speak a different language, and the Hebrew language is used as a means of understanding between them. The place resembles a round village, walled to ensure security, and contains several houses and kitchens. The Egyptians allowed them to live in safety, and that their rituals were free. So they built a hospital for them. In addition, the place itself is healthy and suitable for living, and has green gardens, paved roads, and water fountains..” The Egyptian government also helped the refugees to set up schools for their children. Al-Wardian had 300 students, and it was supervised by Madame Felix Mensheh, and Madame Della Pergola, the wife of the chief rabbi, set up a sewing and handicraft workshop that included a number of female refugee technicians. In May 1915, a school was opened in Wardian, with a number of 400 students. The study was . 23

Which was erected in the center of the city, which had 320 students - this is in addition to the Hebrew school in it in the Hebrew language. It is managed by Dr. Bergeracov, who was the headmaster of the Hebrew School in Bana. The attitude of the Egyptian government towards the refugees was appreciated and appreciated by the members of the Jewish community, so Edgar Severus sent their president In the city of Alexandria, a thank you letter to Hussein Rushdi Pasha, the Prime Minister, in which he said: H.. You have once again proven the liberation of this country and its generous hospitality. And our sect is confident, on this occasion, that it expresses the gratitude of the Jews of the world to the Egyptian government for the quick and effective measures it took to help these miserable expelled.” In fact, these refugees lived in Alexandria and lived happily ever after.. until some of them left Egypt after the war in 1918, To the colonies that displaced the good in Palestine, and although the World Zionist Organization, which was headed by Reizmann after the death of Herzl in 1905, declared a position of neutrality in time of war, as its members belonged to the countries of the two camps, the group of Jews from Palestine announced out of hatred against The Ottoman Empire expressed its desire to join the Allied armies, and he fled, claiming that the idea was a Zionist officer named “Youssef Trumpeldor .

Banished In March 1915, the Refugee Committee in Alexandria called for a meeting attended by about two hundred young men. The attendees discussed the formation of a Jewish division to join the British forces on the condition that it fight on the Palestinian front. A delegation of them included Joseph Trembledore and g. Lefontaine, W. to meet General Maxwell Glasskin, and M. Margoli, and Vladimir Jabotinsky, interviewing General Maxwell, commander of the British forces in Egypt. Musa Qatari Pasha, the head of the Israeli Taif in Cairo, at that time attended and welcomed the British Commander-in-Chief in Egypt, the delegation of the refugee Jews, and suggested that they form a division to send it to Turkey, until there was a front in Palestine.. When the delegation accepted the proposal of General Maxwell, an order was issued to appoint the colonel Patterson is the leader of this squad. His choice was met with great joy. In addition to his military ability and technical skill, he was a supporter of the Jews, who gave them deep appreciation and sincere affection. He was also a close friend of the famous Zionist Zangwill, and this squad was formed in Alexandria immediately, which included 500 volunteers, including 350 refugees, 150 Alexandrian Jews, including Claude Rollo and his brother Abram Rollo, who are one of the oldest Jewish capitalist families in the city. The mule riders, during the Gallipoli campaign, served many services, until the order was issued to demobilize them in March 1916. The soldiers of the division were wearing hats bearing the Star of David, and they had a flag marked with the star as well, and a rabbi had blessed them . . 25

The Greatest Jew Professor “Dilal Pergola” The Greatest Jew Professor “Della Pergola” distributed, in Hebrew, to its soldiers, containing Jewish teachings that call for obedience, order, military spirit and dedication to the cause of the Israeli faith and duties, and after the dissolution of this group will be in London, on 5 August 1917 The Jewish Legion commanded by Colonel Peter Son to participate in the war operations in Palestine. 120 soldiers from the Grocer Riders Division participated in this legion, and the legion passed through the city of Alexandria in March 1918 on its way to Palestine, and the city’s Jews greeted it with great enthusiasm. ”26

Social activity of the Jews During the reign of Sultan Hussein Kamel, the Jews lived in a golden age. They enjoyed all the rights of citizens, and established their own institutions, whether to perform their religious rites or support their economic, social and cultural status. They also continued to establish their assemblies that took care of the affairs of the sect, and which contributed to the establishment of many temples, schools and hospitals. Vocational training centers and others, and during the reign of Sultan Hussein also the Egyptian government granted the Jewish community a free plot of land in Cairo to build a hospital, and many Jews and Egyptians donated to the construction process, and it was opened in 1926 by the chief rabbi and senior men of Egypt, Dr. - 1936 “The Jews were firmly established in the country and wide doors were opened for them in all areas of life, so that in 1924 Egypt knew a Jewish Minister of Finance, Yusef Qatawi Pasha, whose appointment was a moral appreciation and honor for the Jewish community, and evidence of tolerance and equality among all citizens. A Jewish writer wrote about this historical incident: “It has been since Yusuf Al-Siddiq was appointed as a minister to the pharaoh of Egypt - 27. 27 - - . "

Egypt did not know a Jewish minister until the twentieth century, whose name is Youssef, also Yusuf Qatawi Pasha.” Likewise, a number of senior Jewish capitalists concluded that polytheism was occupying seats in the House of Representatives and the Senate. They played a major role in the areas of finance and economy, and they established many industrial and commercial institutions. There were also quite a few large landowners among them. Although the Jewish community, as we mentioned above, was few in number, distributed between Alexandria, Cairo and some of the capitals of the regions, it had a wide activity in various religious, cultural, economic and political fields as well. The Jews have every assistance in setting up their sectarian lodges and building their temples, and that was what they turned to when a large number of them immigrated to it since the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Forty years after the establishment of the Bani Brit lodge in New York in 1843, the first Jewish assembly was held in Egypt is called Maimonides' Lodge. This forum, the Poles and the Russians, was founded by a number of Ashkenazi Jews from the Roman emigrants, and announced upon its establishment that their main goal was to unite the sect and focus its efforts. The forum was inaugurated on January 16, 1887, in a large ceremony attended by two delegates from the Executive Committee in Chicago: Sigismund Zemmel and Gesmond Berjel . 28 - - . 1 . 28

The assembly began to carry out its activities, creating a fund to help the poor and unemployed Jews, and a medical clinic to treat them free of charge, as well as a fund for lending immigrants. The assembly also carried out great activity for the sake of educating the Jews, and in 1892 it established a school in the path of the barbarians, in the name of Maimonides School. It is the first Jewish school to be established. The school included five classes, numbering 130 students, and they were receiving their lessons mainly in Egypt in French, in addition to studying Hebrew, Arabic and English. , distributing clothes and financial grants to students, and during the years 1914 and 1915, the forum made an effective contribution to sheltering and helping the Jewish refugees from and Syria. In 1944, the members of the forum chose Dr. Chaim Weizmann, head of the “World Zionist Organization” for him, and the second of the Jewish lodges that were established in Egypt, the “Eliyahu Hanabi” forum, which was founded in Alexandria in 1892 and Maurice Romanobeck was the first to take over its presidency. This forum confirmed that its goal was to defend interests General Assembly of the Jews and spread the principles of goodness in the hearts of its members, as announced by its President . - . 29

This was in the opening sermon, which was published excerpts from some of the Jewish newspapers in Egypt. Immediately after the establishment of this forum, he established a school for the members of the sect in Alexandria, in which the study was in French, Hebrew and Arabic languages for the Lycée of the Jewish Education Union. Then he established a year later. Among the most prominent who assumed the presidency of the Eliyahu Hanabi forum: Edgar Sawiris, Victor Nagyar, Bechu Tu Bey, Felix Green, Edwin Jaar, and Eli Aada, all of whom are major Jewish capitalists.. In 1942, the Jewish journalist Elie Politi, who worked as head of the bureau of Al-Masry newspaper in Alexandria, was headed by him, and at the same time he was an important member One of the members of the new Zionist Organization and its representative in Alexandria, and the third of the forums to be established in Egypt, the Cairo Forum “Bani Brit”, which was set up by the Sephardi element of the Rabbinic sect, and it was officially opened on April 11, 1911, and it operated under the same slogans announced by the Ibn Mimarn Forum when it was founded. The first to preside over this forum was Eli Baruch • The number of its working members at the beginning was 27, and increased to 56 members in 1913, then 116 in 1917, then 120 members in 1938. And if we bear in mind that joining the membership of this forum takes place after a rigorous test, and according to many strict conditions, including strong belief in Zionist principles, the importance of this issue from 1914 -... does not become clear to us. 2 *** - € (30

A number of member schools, at that time, and in fact, this forum was one of the most dangerous puritanical Jewish forums, and it paid great attention to doctrinal and religious issues. His pause was not a Christian missionary. It spread among the Jews the necessity of keeping their children away from these schools, and enrolling them in Israeli schools, “to strengthen their faith in the Israeli religion.” For that, he organized a wide campaign aimed at collecting donations for the establishment of a Jewish school in the Abbasid neighborhood. It was known as the “Sabil School”. The value of the donations amounted to about forty thousand pounds. A number of graduates of the Oriental Israeli School of Teachers in Paris took the teaching and the study was mainly in French, in addition to the Arabic language. Forums in Cairo and Alexandria. Some forums were established in the governorates, such as Magen David Forum in Mansoura, Ohel Moshe Forum in Tanta, and Israel Forum in Port Said. It was natural, in addition to the establishment of forums that looked after their public affairs, for Jews to establish many synagogues in order to perform their rituals in which Jewish temples spread in Egypt and Alexandria. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, many donations have helped in its establishment, and the lands that were granted to them by the Egyptian government were often free for their establishment - *** - 31 31

In the city of Cairo, the number of synagogues during the first half of the twentieth century reached about 29, the most important of which is the “Great Ismailia Temple” “Sha’ar Hashamim,” which laid its foundation stone in 1905, Vita Bey Mosiri in the center of Cairo, on Adly Street. This temple cost enormous sums The Sephardi component contributed a large amount to it. It is considered, with its inscriptions and designs, one of the most magnificent and most beautiful synagogues in Egypt, and one of the largest as well. The Ashkenazi Temple in Al-Mansi Street, Al-Zahir District in Cairo, which opened on May 19. Mrs. Rebecca Sasson donated a thousand pounds in 1912 to build it, and the Ben Ezra Temple, in the Old Cairo district .. It is considered one of the oldest synagogues in Cairo, and one of the largest also * and the Temple of Eshim. Which was founded by Baruch Hanan, in Ghamra in 1900 * and the Temple of Baad Isaac, which was founded by Zaki Graeme also in Ghamrah in 1925 * The following temples were also built, which are: Vitaly Hajjar Temple in Heliopolis, Helwan Temple, Rab Ismail Temple, Rab Jacob Temple, Maimonides Temple and Temple, And the Temple of Turkey, the Temple of Talmud Tawara, the Portuguese Temple, the Rath Hayin Kabusi Temple, the Maadi Temple and others, the professor. As for Alexandria, where many capitalist Jewish families were concentrated, twenty temples were built there, including : (.4**-32.

* The Temple of Eliyahu Hanabi, which is one of the oldest temples in the city, which was rebuilt in 1850 after Napoleon Bonaparte had demolished it during the French campaign on Egypt * and the Temple of Azuz, which dates back to many centuries, and was rebuilt after its fall in 1853 * and the Temple of Zardil, which has been in existence since In 1391, after the Zardil family established it in Alexandria, until its walls collapsed in 1880, it was rebuilt again, and the Temple of Menashe, which was established by Baron Yaakov Menashe, * and the Temple of Green, which was built by Abraham Green *, and the Temple of Jacob Sassoon, which Jacob Sasson called to build, and it was established in 1910 in the Glimo Nu neighborhood Blue * and the Castro Temple, which Moses Castro recommended for a sum of four thousand pounds to build, and it was built in 1920 in the Muharram neighborhood * and the Shamar Tavela temple in the Camp Shizar neighborhood, which was opened, and the Corfuth temple, and the Temple of Abu Qir, and the Temple of Jaar, the Temple of Nisah Israel Bey in 1922. Synagogues were spread in various cities that The people of the sect used to live in it * The Temple of Sirous in the city of Damanhour * The Temple of Kafr El-Zayat in the city of Kafr El-Zayat * Three temples in the city of Tanta, the oldest of which is what is known as the “Maghreb Synagogue”, as for the other two, one of them erected the incense of Mouton in *** 1 33

1908 , and the second Luna Bouton erected in 1924 * a temple in Zagazig erected by Aaron Gaba in the twenties * two temples in the city of Mansoura, one of them erected by Ibrahim Hassan before the beginning of the twentieth century, and the second set up by Makhlouf Al-Khulwat Cohen in 1908 * Sokat Shalom temple in Port Said, the history of its ancient temple is known Port Said includes a temple, the most recent of which was set up by the Benan family, a temple in the city of Mahalla al-Kubra, known as “The Professor’s Synagogue.” A temple in the city of Mit Ghamr was set up by Clement Bardo. In the path of the barbarians, as we mentioned, and the schools established by other forums. In addition to that, the schools established by the Presidency of the Israeli community in Egypt come. These schools were run by a member of a special committee called the “Schools Committee.” The source of its funding is the subsidies determined by the Israeli community council. This is estimated at about 50% of the proceeds of the personal tax known as “arikha,” which was levied on able-bodied Jews, as well as 50% of the net income of entering synagogues. Optional donations and subscriptions . . *** . - 34 - 12 34

Especially from and beside the sect’s schools, there were several schools, the most important of which were the schools of the “Point of Laban Association” established by Isaac Benario and his wife. This association had started with the idea of providing breakfast to poor Israeli school students, then it developed so that it was no longer limited to providing breakfast, but rather extended to providing financial and food aid to the poor students, and the maintenance and adoption of orphaned students. They donated five thousand pounds, and they were able to collect another nine thousand pounds. As a result, he began building a headquarters for the association that still exists as of this writing near Talaat Harb Square, Cairo. In this headquarters, a school was established that included about 800 orphans and poor children. A school was also established in 1926 for vocational training for poor girls, as well as schools for the “Association of The Laban Point “brothers Jack, Ralph and Esther Green established a school in 1924 in the name of Dr. Green School” in the Jewish seas. It was managed for a long time by “Saad Maliki,” who was one of the men of the Jewish press published in Arabic. The students of this school reached about 400 students, and Madame Rachel founded Yabeis.” In 1934, a school in Abdeen district began to grow and expand until the number of its students, four years after its establishment, reached 300 students from the sons of the Jews, and it was preparing them to obtain a certificate for the primary school year - 35-2 - Jews and the Zionist movement . 35

In 1936, Felix Sama established the Lycée Sakakini School, which had 150 pupils at the primary level. It also included a section for the study of shorthand and typewriter and a third section for commercial studies and business administration. In Heliopolis, the Abraham Beach School was established in 1923, which had about 600 students studying in the primary and secondary sections. Its pupils were of different nationalities: Egyptians, Italians, French, Greeks, Englishmen, Turks and Spaniards. A nursery school was set up in the Jewish Quarter in Cairo. The “Bani Brit Forum” supported this educational activity and provided private schools with financial and technical aid, and provided aid to students in need. The Forum established in 1934 the Israeli group to help schools known as “Limod”, which was helping poor Israeli children and helping them to continue studying by paying the expenses for them, buying books, supervising them and guiding them in their studies. What the Limud Group has achieved is its persistent endeavor to establish new schools to accommodate the steady increase in the number of Jewish male and female students. Besides the schools, vocational training centers were established in Cairo, with the participation of the wealthy Jews in Cairo and Alexandria, and in some regional capitals, in order to train Jewish workers in crafts. Subtleties, creating artistic skills - 36

One of the most important training centers is the center that Salmon Chicorel was given in his will dated August 8, 1919 to establish it, and an amount of two thousand pounds was allocated for it. His wife implemented what was stated in the will, and established a vocational training center affiliated to the Cairo Forum. In 1938, more than 650 Jewish boys attended it, and they were trained in many trades, such as sewing, shoemaking, car mechanics, watch repair, drawing, sculpture, etc., electricity and engraving. During their training, these boys received monthly bonuses. Some sums were allocated to them, which they would receive upon completion of their training, in order to cooperate with them to start their working life. In the city of Alexandria, the Alliance opened in October 1897, two schools, one for boys and the other for girls. These two schools continued to operate until the month of July 1919, when the group was sure that the community had become able to meet the needs of the city’s Jews from schools. In 1892, Baron J. Manasheh “Shadi Yafour School for Girls”, with Madame Kahla Levi’s help in its management, and a workshop for teaching girls to sew clothes was attached to this school. to 607 children, and in 1911 another school was established in the temple of Zaradel near the Jewish Quarter, Al-Zaheem School # < - 37 -. 4 37

In the year 1919, after the Alliance closed its two schools, a school was established in Ras El-Tin district, which was called Madrassa and Hatikvah, meaning “the hope,” until its name was changed to Madrassa-della Pergola, in memory of the rabbi of Alexandria. From 19025, schools began to be established on a large scale A committee was formed under the chairmanship of Baron Al-Farid Mensheh, which gathered at huge speeds and set up a school and a Lycée for the Jewish Education Union “in the Muharram Bey neighborhood. The Lycée Sporting School, and the Jewish Childhood Home School. Besides these schools there was the Free Art and Crafts School, which was founded on February 3, 1897, the rest of the generation of skilled craftsmen, and included departments of sewing, mechanics, shoes, bookbinding, metalworking, and carpentry. Blacksmithing, marble industry, carving, and repair of musical instruments. Some other cities were not without Jewish schools. In the city of Tanta, the International Alliance School was established in 1905, which included 220 students when it was established. In the city of Mansoura, the “Talmud Toara” school was established, in Port Said. The Zikron Moshe School The activity of the Jews extended to the field of culture and art. In 1925, a number of Jewish intellectuals founded the Association 38 - .. C 38

WAS was known as the “Egypt Society for Jewish Historical Studies. Its purpose was to study the sciences related to the history of the Jews in the East, and in particular to study the history and literature of the Jews in Egypt. This society included a number of senior Jewish participants, who were providing it with the necessary funds to carry out its mission in conducting and publishing research and studies.” . At the head of this association was Rabbi Haim Nahum Effendi, who was its honorary president, while its actual president was Youssef Qatari Pasha and the activity of this association as soon as it was established: It issued many publications, and its members gave historical lectures in the hall of the “Spanish Jewish Youth Circle in Cairo.” A committee of Arabists headed by Rabbi Haim Nahum Effendi was also formed to study 45 manuscripts, which had been collected by Youssef Qatawi Pasha from various synagogues, especially from the Temple of Ibn Ezra in Old Egypt. Eight centuries after the birth of the Jewish thinker, Maimonides, and issued a book that included several researches on his history and ideas. One of the prominent members of the association was Dr. Alfred Blues, who was working as director of the translation department at the Ministry of Agriculture in Egypt and who received his education at the Egyptian School of Law and then obtained a doctorate in literature from the University of In Brussels in general, and in addition to his governmental work, he was writing in the Al-Bors Aegyptian newspaper. Then he became general secretary of the association in 1936. And Dr. Alfred Yellowz was translated into 1924

Arabic The book of Dr. Hertz, the chief rabbi of England, entitled “On Jewish Thought.” Jack Hoegler and Professor Murad Faraj, the lawyer who wrote a book in Arabic about Jewish Arab poets, wrote an introduction to him by Dr. Ismail Adham. In it, he presented a critical linguistic study of the poet Al-Samoul and Dr. Israel Wolfensohn, professor of Semitic languages at the Faculty of Dar Al Uloom, who was publishing his Arabic works under the name and Abu Dhu’ayb, including his book on Musa bin Maimon, which was published in 1936 and written by Sheikh Mustafa Abdel Razek Pasha, Professor of Islamic Philosophy at the university. At that time, in Mam 1912, some Jewish artists founded a group known as the “Jewish Art Group” in Cairo, headed by Joseph Weinstein, a lawyer who was a member of the Ashkenazi Community Council, and one of the prominent members of the Bani Brit Forum. This group grew and developed its activities, and held exhibitions for Jewish artists. On the other hand, the community council in Cairo organized free lessons in the library hall in the Ismailia temple, and apparently for Jewish students studying in non-Jewish schools to teach them the Hebrew language and Jewish history. This hall witnessed a long series of lectures delivered by Leon Bassan, who was a delegate in Egypt to the Jewish Agency for Immigration Affairs, a member of the Israeli Schools Council, and one of the presidents of the Cairo Bani Brit Forum . . * - 4 . . ..40

The role played by the Jews throughout history, favoring Zionist ideas and promoting its principles. In the field of social services for the members of the sect, the associations that were dominated by the major Jewish capitalists spread and provided them with material and moral aid, so that most of them became centers for spreading the Zionist call, and for the creation of a generation of Jews who believed in the cause of the national homeland of the Jews. In general, Cairo was known from these associations: Incense Holim Association, which was founded in 1909 to provide medical care to needy Jewish patients. The Israeli Union in Heliopolis 1922 to serve the Jews residing in the Heliopolis suburb. The Jewish Youth Union in Egypt (1935). Its board of directors was headed by Dr. Alfred Yellows. * Matan Association Basseter, and the Israeli Association for the Protection of Jewish Girls, which were established in 1933 in order to provide material and moral facilities for the marriage of poor Jewish girls and to arrange dowries for them. Maimonides for the Disabled (1934) Alexandria also witnessed many of these associations, including: * * The Israeli Charitable Society in Alexandria (1885). : 41

* The Israeli Charity for School Aid for Redemption, Sadness, and Clothing (founded in 1894) and provided meals to 2,200 students in the community’s schools in the city, and was also working to spread the Hebrew language * The Holim Incense Association, a branch of the Cairo Association, was also founded in 1909 1911) And it was distributing milk and food to Jewish patients * The Sedaka Paseter Society (1913) to help the poor and secretly distributing aid to needy families * The Israeli Maternity Association (1914) to help poor Jewish mothers in giving birth * The Milk Point Association (1917) to provide breakfast for schoolchildren The sect * Charitable Society of Ashkenazi Jews (1930) * Refuge for the elderly (1973). It was established in Muharram Bek Street, as the leaders of the Israeli community showed a clear interest in physical exercise, in order to create generations of healthy, athletic youth. Since 1910, the “Macabi Sports Association” was formed in Alexandria After several years, it turned into the “Macabi Jewish Sports and Literary Union.” In Cairo, a number of major capitalists contributed to the establishment of the Maccabi Club, among them Salfat Or Chicorel Bey, who held his presidency for several years, followed him after him from 1930 * 42 - 42

The press.. and freedom of opinion The Jews in Egypt enjoyed complete freedom of expression, and they had their own newspapers and magazines that they published at the end of the nineteenth century. The history of the Zionist press in Masrali dates back to 1917, when the Jewish community established its first newspaper in French, to be A platform for expressing its ideas and interests, which is the “Jewish Renaissance” newspaper, which continued to appear for three years and then disappeared to be replaced by the “Zionist Magazine”, which was initially supervised and managed by the Zionist lawyer “Leon Castro”, then it was managed by Jack Moussiri. Zionism” has been published for more than five years. During this period, two Jewish weekly magazines appeared, and they spread widely among members of the sect: The first: “The Israel Journal,” which was issued by Dr. Albert Moussiri in 1920 in three editions, namely Hebrew and Arabic. They are fluent in the Hebrew language from the Jews of Egypt. As for the Arabic edition of the magazine *.. . 44

However, it only managed to survive for two years, as publication stopped in August 1937, as a result of its financial losses. In the city of Alexandria, since 1901, the sect published its first newspaper in the French language, “The Zionist Messenger,” whose name was later changed to “Mubasret Zion.” Zionism was This newspaper was influenced to a large extent by the principles of the movement, as it appeared in the year 1912 “Masr-Israeli” magazine, Hebrew in French, and it was published by “Ansar al-Taqqa” group. Aselsky, head of the corrective party branch in Egypt, one of the extremist Zionists, the Jewish Voice newspaper, in French. This newspaper was funded by a number of senior Jewish capitalists in Alexandria, and it was encouraged and supported by the Rabbi of Alexandria, Danid Prato.” In 1934, the Jewish journalist Saad Maliki published “The Sun” magazine. in Arabic . This weekly magazine had its prominent Zionist tendencies, and two years later, in 1936, Jacques Rabanne issued the newspaper “The Jewish Tribune.” It was the newspaper that was actually a platform for the Zionist movement. Movement enthusiasts * * ** - 46 - - . . 46

Zionism is one of the contributors to Zionist associations and organizations, and he cooperated with Albert Straselsky in this and contributed to writing in the two magazines “Al Fajr R” Israel, in addition to being involved in editing Egyptian newspapers published in the French language, such as “Al-Borse Agypsian” “Al-Ahad newspaper” and “Al-Fanar Al-Masryah” And “Al-Watan” and others, as he was one of the founders of the “Journalists’ Association” in Egypt and its general secretary. In fact, the newspaper “The Jewish Minbar” was the most dangerous Zionist newspaper and had the most profound impact on the Jews of Egypt. It played an effective role in spreading the Zionist call among members of the sect, especially in During the Second World War, i.e. in the stage of preparation for the complete onslaught on the land of Palestine and its seizure from its owners, and the newspaper pages were filled with blatant calls for the establishment of the Jewish national home, and the gathering of all forces and capabilities in order to achieve the Zionist goals, it opened the title “Solution” published in its issue issued on April 12, 1942 An article by Jack Ho Feller, a member of the Egyptian Society for Jewish Historical Studies, in which he supported the position of Leon Castro, head of the Zionist Organization in Egypt, when he called for the implementation of the Lend-Lea decision. se on the Jewish people in Palestine, a resolution passed by the American Congress in 1941 authorizing the American president the right to provide weapons and aid to the countries that he deems to be a vital matter for the United States to defend. Hoeffler said that implementing this resolution has become an imperative + 47

For the Jewish people to rebuild Palestine quickly and definitively, he added that the problem of the Jews, is that they have always and everywhere in the world remained a minority. Hence their tragedies emerged, and it is their status as a minority that allows the spread of this violent epidemic of hatred, rage and destructive madness against them. In the number of October 11, 1944, Jacob Ben-Zevi wrote: “The Jews, all Jews, care to the utmost about the development of the East, the cradle of their ancestors and the hope of their future.” ? In the same issue, Balaam wrote: “Since the days, Mr. Heathcote Smith, who works in the United Nations Relief Agency, gave a speech to one hundred and fifty Jewish refugees in Italy, asking them to naturalize them for Italian citizenship, and announced the Italian government’s readiness to facilitate that for them. In an attempt to persuade them, he took out a handkerchief from his door and said: “Do you want to go to Palestine 2 . Never think about that. Palestine cannot accommodate you, it is not greater than this.” He pointed to the handkerchief in his hand, and I do not know why he mentioned this incident to another incident dating back a quarter of a century ago in 1917. From the balcony of the Consulate appeared a man who was greeted with a storm of applause. Then he began to speak, and I was at that time young and they did not understand what he said, and I was only able to pick up his last sentence because he said it in yes, the Hebrew language . € . 48

“ I forgot to tell you that this Hebrew sentence was said by Mr. Heakot, who called himself when he was a general disavowal of Britain in Egypt.” At the same time, he expresses his sympathy for the Jews and his denunciation of the abhorrent persecution they are victims of in Europe. The newspaper “The Jewish Minbar” wrote in its issue of November 17, 1943 under the title “Pity Is Not Enough” saying: “The Jews, realizing this friendly spirit, insist on the necessity of finding a final and effective solution to their issue.” The new Zionist organization visited Jerusalem in 1942. He wrote in the issue of the “Jewish Pulpit” on March 25, 1942, saying: The summary I ascended this morning to Jabal al-Mukabber, which overlooks the holy city. “And this morning I also saw this great building called the Hebrew University, my heart resounded with joy, and if you were here, your tears would have flowed with joy, and you would have been able to forget the humiliation we suffered in the past centuries, and to forget - even for a moment - the horrors of the present . - . . - 49

“ Oh Jews of Egypt, the torch is high on Mount Al-Mukabber, it has lit up my soul and you must light your souls.” The Hebrew University sends an urgent appeal to you to extend your assistance. Do not hesitate to provide aid to her without reservation, for by this you are fulfilling the most necessary and greatest of duties .” 1 6 : . 50

Economic activity

It is natural and the conditions are prepared, and the Egyptian land is virgin, for the Jews to live their lives in peace, and to practice their activities in freedom. It was a nascent bourgeois society that opened a vast field and helped at the time in the face of ownership, control and exploitation, and whoever studies aspects of the Egyptian economy during the historical period covered by this book, can put his fingers on a group of Jewish families, who were able to control the direction of the Egyptian economy, such as “the Rollo family and The “Mosiri family,” the Adah family, the Adas family, the Kattawi family, the Chicorel family, the Jatineau family, the Mizrahi family, the Green family, the Mansheya family, and others. For example, the Adah family, which is one of its most prominent members Abraham, Victor, and Joseph, were one of the richest capitalist families in Alexandria and had an economic institution owned by them - 51 -) - the Jews and the Zionist movement . ( 1 9 * * * 9 " 51

In addition, its members were major shareholders and members of the boards of directors in several industrial and commercial companies. Another example is the Kattawi family, one of whose members was Youssef Kattawi Pasha, the Egyptian Ministry of Finance in 1924, and his son Aslan Kattawi Bey, who was born in Alexandria in 1890, worked as a general secretary for the The princely properties affiliated to the Ministry of Finance, and a representative of the Egyptian government in the Suez Canal Company and a government representative in the National Bank of Egypt, in addition to that he was a member of the boards of directors of many joint-stock companies, to the point that he was a member of the Senate and in addition to that he chaired the “Israeli Community Schools Committee.” » In Egypt, he was a representative of the Israeli Charitable Society, and a member of Jewish lodges and other Jewish religious institutions. His second son, Rene Kattawi Bey, held several positions in companies, and he was a member of the House of Representatives for the Kom Ombo district, a member of the Royal Agricultural Society, a member of the community council and a school committee sect. He was also one of the founders of the Egypt Society for Jewish Historical Studies and a third person, the Moussiri family. This family owned a bank known by its name, “Bank. Joseph Moussiri, one of its most active members, was the director of this bank. He also established a cinema company in 1915 called "Josie Film", which established and managed the following cinemas: 52

In Cairo: Cinema Clipper, Majestic, Metropole, Al-Ahly, Bosphorus In Alexandria: Isis Cinema, Mohamed Ali, Ambassador in Suez: Cinema Shanklam in Port Said: Cinema Bate, and since 1929 “Josie Film” began to monopolize the import and sale of raw films, as well as printing Translation on foreign films that were imported, then the company expanded after that and established a studio for film production. Among the members of this family is Felix Moussiri, who owned the Coriel family, a large part of the plows and engineering company, whose members were Maurice Moussiri, who took over the membership of a large number of companies as well. The fourth is The Chicorel family, and the dean of this family is David Chigurel, who was born in Turkey, and came to Alexandria since 1910. He began his actual economic activity five years after his arrival. In 1915, he established a special institution for the export of cotton and its internal marketing, then he became a member of the Commodity Exchange and the Mina Onion Exchange. He was a member of the Board of Directors of the Exporters Association, and for a period was the honorary president of the Oriental Jews Union in Alexandria, and a member of the family was Salvator Chicorel, who was born in Cairo in 1894, and after obtaining a higher degree in studies Commercial in 1912, he worked at Chicorel Corporation : 54

They seek in a tolerant regime the freedom to create wealth and to exploit and direct the country's economic resources in order to obtain the maximum profit. Before we discuss these companies, we briefly present a group of Jewish capitalists who occupied important economic centers and made an effective contribution in the fields of industry and commerce and obtained Huge fortunes Victor Harari Pasha: Born in Cairo. At first he worked as an employee in the Egyptian finance, then became a director of central accounts, and then director of the treasury, and a representative of the Egyptian government in the Endowment Budget Reform Committee. Among the banks and companies is Ralph Green: a loyalist of Cairo and from the famous Green family, which owned large areas of agricultural land and this family controlled agricultural crops and monopolized its trade since the beginning of the twentieth century in Egypt, until the end of the thirties At the end of the last century, with her interest-based activity, she acquired a huge fortune. Its members dominated the silk and textile industry for a long period of time . 55

Raphael Naaman: was born in Alexandria and participated in the councils of a number of industrial companies and was vice president of the Jewish Youth Circle in Egypt. Sam Dober Simon Polo: Born in Cairo, he was one of the prominent economic influencers, as he contributed to the establishment and management of the largest financial and industrial institutions Sir Derby Jacques Polo: He was born in Alexandria and occupied several economic positions. And he assumed the presidency of the Israeli community in Alexandria for a long period of time, starting in 1934. Joseph Salama: Born in the city of Zefta, he monopolized the cotton trade in Zifti and Mit Ghamr, and later established the United Ginning and Oil Factories in which more than seven hundred workers worked. Moses Ashkenazi: Born in Alexandria, he emerged in Textile trade and manufacture The Schafferman brothers: They are David and Harry, who were able to establish an institution that had monopolized since 1919 for the trade in electrical appliances, batteries and plastic products. Then, in 1930, they established factories to produce these tools locally. During the 1940's, Schafferman factories had three hundred workers, and they were - . 57

Alfred Cohen: Born in Tunisia in 1881, he came to Cairo in 1901. He began his life as a teacher at the Israeli Alliance schools in Cairo for a year, then worked in trade and in stock exchange agencies, and jointly established with Breeze & Partners a cash trading agency, which was one of the most important agencies in Egypt in the 1920s. In 1914, he founded the Commercial Credit Company, which became widespread. And it had agencies in London, Sudan, and other major commercial centers in the world, and it financed a large number of factories and commercial establishments, especially the Sudan Export and Import Company, which was founded in 1919. Alfred Cohen is considered one of the old heads of the Benibrit Forum in Alexandria and a member of the Zionist Organization in Egypt He was a member of the Jewish Teaching Union, and a member of the sect council in Alexandria. Heim Dora: One of the great men of finance and industry. He owned a group of textile and knitting factories in Alexandria employing hundreds of workers. In addition, he was the treasurer of the Alexandria Chamber of Commerce and a member of the Israeli Congregation Council, the Bani Brit Forum, and the Accounting Council. Loy Bloom: Twenty prominent Jewish economists since the beginning of the century worked first as a director of the National Insurance Company, then as a director of the life insurance company branch and as a consultant . . . ( 08 - - .58

Financially for the newspaper “The General Digest”, he was also the editor-in-chief of “Al-Borus” in Alexandria, and the secretary of the editor-in-chief of “M Al-Hurriya” newspaper “1925” and “Al-Watan” newspaper 1928. Clement Sheila: He was born in Tunisia in 1874 and has lived in Egypt since 1907 and worked in trade and established with his two brothers David and Victor the major Shamla stores. Emmanuel Abel for Garment Trade: He was born in Cairo in 1902 as an industrialist. His working life was in the position of “Responsible Commissioner” for the German “Kentwar Lyon” Bank from 1923 to 1930. Then he established several industrial companies, such as the factory for the production of minerals and chemicals. He was a member of the “Committee for the Recreation of Conscripted Jewish Soldiers,” during World War II, Benvenuto Campos. He was born in Alexandria in 1873, and he is one of the major capitalists in the city. He was a member of the sect council. Chairman of the Committee of the School of Arts and Crafts, and Mabarrat al-Lubban - and a judge in the Hasabi Council since the beginning of its establishment in 1925. Joseph Bundy: One of the major arms dealers, he founded Bundi stores that spread in the cities of Egypt. He participated in the establishment of the Israeli Association in Heliopolis " 9-10-59 ) - 594

Max Agion: He was born in Alexandria in 1891, and after his return from abroad in 1922, he worked to establish a number of commercial companies. In addition, he was active in the group of French writers and in many French newspapers. Which was published in Cairo Alexander Itgman: Born in Russia, he arrived in Egypt in 1924. Since his arrival, he has worked as a distributor for the films of the two companies, "Festi" and "Y". F.A. At the same time, he established an office in Egypt, Palestine and Syria to exploit German films. Then he stopped exploiting and distributing these films in 1933, after Hitler came to power in Germany, and began working in distributing French films. When his son Elie returned to Egypt, after he He sent him to study film production at “Bellancourt” studios. He worked in producing Egyptian films in the Arabic language, such as “The Son of the People,” “The Black Hand,” and “The Secret of Dr. Ibrahim,” the God of the Forest. This last film was printed in Hebrew in studios. Abteman Samha Ibagh: Born in Bana in Palestine in 1892, then immigrated to, and from there he went to France to study at the University of Nancy.” After his return, he embarked on a wide economic activity, Maurice Jarboua: an agricultural engineer born in Cairo who contributed to the establishment of - 1. -60

A number of agricultural companies and was a member of the Agricultural Union in Egypt and a member of the board of directors of the “Agricultural Bulletin” issued by the union. Isaac Lyon and Elie Yabes Sons »Ovadia Salem: He was born in Thessaloniki, Turkey in 1888, and has resided in Egypt since 1903, and he began his activities as an employee in the Anglo-Egyptian Bank, which later became - Barclays Bank and then contributed, founded and managed many in the clearing house of agents cash from companies. He was a member of the Israeli Congregation Council in Cairo, and one of the most prominent members of the Beni Brit Forum. To Egypt and worked for a period for the Jewish National Fund, Cairo Branch, Commissira Abdullah Zliha: Born in Baghdad in 1913, he studied in England, then went to Syria after completing his studies in 1930, where he was appointed as an agent for the branch of “Zulekha Bank” in Syria, which is owned by his father. He arrived in Egypt in 1940, his father appointed him as the manager of the bank branch in Egypt 3... . . . € 61

I settled on establishing the bank in Egypt with a capital of 40 million francs, which later increased to two hundred million. The loans provided by the bank to Egyptian agricultural owners, the date of its establishment in the first of January 1880 until the end of October 1910, amounted to 14,653 loans worth 15 52 million pounds, with a security of 1,115,11423 acres. In 1910, its profits amounted to a huge figure, which is 1,1655,1331 pounds, and in 1942 the bank’s capital amounted to 7,15,000 pounds and profits, 871,958 pounds. Sir Robert Rollo was one of the most important leaders of his financial policy, as he was vice-chairman of its board of directors, the National Bank of Egypt: it is the largest and most well-established financial bank, as he was in charge, under the privilege granted to him on June 25, 1898, to issue banknotes payable to their holders and upon request, and this bank Its board of directors was shared by Victor Harari Pasha, and Sir Robert Rouleau, the Belgian and International Bank in Egypt: Among its board members were Emile Nassim Adas, and Sir Robert Rouleau, the Commercial Bank of Egypt: Among the members of its board of directors was Jacques Soares. Its capital amounted to 120,000 pounds in 1943, while its profits amounted to 12,030 pounds. Its board of directors is chaired by Elie Corell, and Maurice Nassim Moussiri as managing director, Vita Ibrahim Farhat and Felix Nassim Mousiri and Kan (.. 63 ) participate in the board.

I settled on establishing the bank in Egypt with a capital of 40 million francs, which later increased to two hundred million. The loans provided by the bank to Egyptian agricultural owners, the date of its establishment in the first of January 1880 until the end of October 1910, amounted to 14,653 loans worth 15 52 million pounds, with a security of 1,115,11423 acres. In 1910, its profits amounted to a huge figure, which is 1,1655,1331 pounds, and in 1942 the bank’s capital amounted to 7,15,000 pounds and profits, 871,958 pounds. Sir Robert Rollo was one of the most important leaders of his financial policy, as he was vice-chairman of its board of directors, the National Bank of Egypt: it is the largest and most well-established financial bank, as he was in charge, under the privilege granted to him on June 25, 1898, to issue banknotes payable to their holders and upon request, and this bank Its board of directors was shared by Victor Harari Pasha, and Sir Robert Rouleau, the Belgian and International Bank in Egypt: Among its board members were Emile Nassim Adas, and Sir Robert Rouleau, the Commercial Bank of Egypt: Among the members of its board of directors was Jacques Soares. Its capital amounted to 120,000 pounds in 1943, while its profits amounted to 12,030 pounds. Its board of directors is chaired by Elie Corell, and Maurice Nassim Mousiri as managing director, Vita Ibrahim Farhat and Felix Nassim Mousiri and Kan ( ..64) participate in the board.

E: Soares Bank: It is in turn under the control of the Soares family. It was established in 1936 with a capital of ... LE, and in 1942 made profits of 6,486 pounds. Jacques Najjar assumed the presidency of its board of directors, and Carlo Soares, Freddy Sachs, and Youssef Kattawi participated in the board of directors. It was established in 1937 with a capital of ... 5 pounds, and its net profits in 1942 amounted to 10,726 pounds. Its board of directors includes Jacques Jangovich and Simha Embach of the Egyptian Financial Company: all of its board members were Jews: Clement Adas, Simon Rollo, Henry Victor Moussiri, Maurice Nassim Moussiri, Ralph Harari, Aslan Kattawi Bey. Alexandria Insurance Company: its capital amounted to 360,000 Alanh and its net profits were 25,545 pounds, and its board of directors was Robert Rouleau, Emile Medes, Gustave, Ajion, Edwin Jaar, Albert Mizrahi. Egyptian private insurance: with its two branches, fire and accidents, and life insurance, and the capital of the branch was . - . 65

Its board of directors is Achille Aada and Joseph Aada, the Agricultural and Industrial Shareholding Company in Egypt. Among its board members was Moussa Entebbe, the Arab Real Estate Company: its capital was 3,961,284 pounds, and its profits were 4,40611 pounds. Among its board members were Joseph Ada, Henry Mossiri and Guido Levy, Wadi Company Kom Ombo Shareholding: which owned 30,000 acres, and reclaimed and cultivated them, with a capital of 1,170,170 pounds, and a net profit of 1,401,826 pounds. Its board of directors was chaired by Robert Rouleau, and Leon Soares, Henry Victor Mosiri, and Ralph H. Rene Kattawi Bey assumes the duties of its general manager, Al Gharbia Al Maqaariyeh Company: Its capital is 3,961,284 pounds, and its profits are 4,41,611 pounds. Among the members of its board of directors were Youssef Aada, Henry Victor Mossiri and Guido Levy. The Jewish capitalists took to the field of independence for construction lands, and they established and managed several companies to divide and sell the lands, buy buildings, exploit them and resell them. Including: The Egyptian Central Vegetable Markets Joint Stock Company: its capital amounted to 80,000 pounds, and its net profit was 111623 pounds. Its board of directors was headed by Youssef Qatawi Pasha and his son Rene Qatawi Bey succeeded him in 1943 after his death, and it includes : ** 66 - - 4 ( . 66

The board is Aslan Kattawi Bey, Guido Moussiri, and Charles Adah. The Real Estate Company of Mahatat Misr is managed by Abramino Asher: its chairman is Isaac Levy, and its members include Jimmy Levy, and Isaac Bane, the Real Estate Financial Company in Cairo: its managing director, Guido Moussiri. And the members of its board of directors are all Jewish capitalists: Salmon Nahmias, Aslan Kattawi Bey, Humbert Mossiri • Henry Victor Mossiri and its capital in 1942 was 288,23 pounds. However, it achieved a profit of 15,355 pounds. The Egyptian Financial and Real Estate Joint Stock Company: Founded in 1934 with a capital of LE 15,355 000 pounds, and its profits in 1942 amounted to 6,883 pounds. And all the members of its board of directors were Jews: Maurice Curiel as president, Max Ajion as vice president, Vita Ibrahim Farhat, Ralph Harari, and Henry, members of the board of directors of the Dakahlia Land Company: its capital is 80,800 pounds, and its net profit is 10,037 pounds. Its Chairman and Technical Director were Maurice Jarboua, Vice President Rene Aslamom, and members of its board of directors were Ishak Mizrahi, and the Egyptian Company for Lands and Buildings: Among its board members were Elie Meds, Emile Adas, Gaston Adas, and Clement Adas, the New Egyptian Company Limited: its capital. . 37,510 pounds, and its net profit is 951,399 pounds. Among the members of its board of directors is Robert Dollo - 67 - H - Jews and the Zionist movement .. - 67

The Agricultural Company in Egypt: its capital amounted to 125,250 pounds, and its net profit was 101043 pounds. Its board members are Aslan Kattawi and Emile Adas. The Eastern Shareholding Real Estate Company: its capital is 2510 pounds and its profits are 4,911 pounds • Chairman of the Board of Directors Victor Aada, Managing Director Youssef Adah, and a member of the Board of Directors Fernan Mada H. The Real Estate Joint Stock Company for Inspecting Swords: its capital is 124,178 pounds, and its profits are 11,363 pounds, and its managing director, Elie Farag Shammaa, the Egyptian Works and Buildings Company: Its board members are Victor Aada and Joseph Aada, the Public Real Estate Company in Egypt: its capital. . 25,010 pounds and profits of 191,537 pounds. Among the members of its board of directors are Bear Rollo, Maurice Naseem Moussiri, Ralph Harari and Emile Nassim Adas. 512 pounds, and its profits are 4736 pounds. Among its board members are Gustav Agion and Arman Moustaki. In the field of land and sea transportation, the Jewish capitalists participated in managing and directing many companies, including : *** -68 -. 68

• The Egyptian public company Omnibus: Robert Rouleau was a member of its board of directors. The Fayoum Railway Company: its capital amounted to 94,789 pounds, and it made profits of 7,999 pounds. Guido Moussiri was a member of its board of directors, and Henry Victor Siri was a member of the Alexandria Tram Company: a member of its board of directors, Maurice Nancy. Moussiri, El Raml Railways Company Limited: Maurice Nassim Busiri was one of the 8 members of its board of directors. The shareholding company of Qena - Aswan Railways amounted to EGP, and Rene Aada, a member of its board of directors, is the Egyptian Company for Motor Transport: its capital is 14,212 niha, and its net profit is 2,515 EGP. was c. c. Jaco Combe, Vice Chairman of its Board of Directors, Posta Ships Company Khedive: Of its Board of Directors: Aslan Kattawi Bey and Robert Rollo, La Flével Company: Of its Board of Directors: Arman Nahman, Navigation Company in Status: Its capital amounted to 251,545 pounds, and its net profit was 9,952 pounds. Guido Levi was a delegated member of its board of directors, and the Jews contributed to the vital agricultural industries, participating in the operations of ginning and pressing cotton, and the extraction of (**- 69-69 )

The Egyptian Buildings Shareholding Company (EGYCO): Its board of directors is Eng. Samuel Corell. The Egyptian National Contracting Company: Robert Rouleau is a member of its board of directors. The Misr Company for Pipes, Columns and Manufactures of Reinforced Concrete: Its capital is 751 pounds, and its net profits are 8,141 pounds • Morris Nassim Mosiri took over Chairmanship of the board of directors in which Vita Ibrahim Farhat, Ralph Harari and Victor Hanan participated. The Egyptian Refrigeration Company: with a capital of 180,000 pounds and a net profit of 451,000 pounds • Among its board members are Aslan Kattawi Bey In the fields of light industry, Jews contributed to the establishment of several J companies: Alexandria Milling Industry Company: its capital is 251,500 pounds, and its profits are 2,800 pounds. Its managing board members were James Cohen and Edward Cohen, Mahmoudia Mills Company: Its capital is ..... 6 pounds, and its net profit is 24,511 pounds. Its board of directors is chaired by David Sachs, and Freddie Sachs is a member of the board of the Egyptian Salt and Soda Company Limited: Aslan Qatari Bey United Salt Company Limited: Aslan Kattawi was a member of its board of directors: The Egyptian Company for Neon Lighting: its capital was EGP, however, its net profit amounted to 3,321 EGP , - ** - 71 70

Its board of directors was chaired by Charles Ada, and members of the board were Isaac Nakamoli, and Dr. A.J. Levy Electricity and Snow Supply Company: Its capital is 68,120 pounds, and its net profit is 30,881 pounds. The Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors c. c. Jakodi Komp, and its general manager Simha Imbach, Nestor Ganaklis Cigarette Company: Its capital is EGP 90.00, and it made a profit of EGP 27,082. Aslan Kattawi was one of the members of its board of directors. This is the Egyptian Shareholding Company Al-Shilan: its capital. 14150 pounds, net profit of 3518 pounds. A member of its board of directors is Mark S. Cohen, Sabbaghy Al-Bayda Company: its capital was 4,000 pounds, yet its net profit amounted to 4,051,208 pounds in 1942. Joseph Smouha’s board of directors includes the Imperial Chemical Industries Company: Aslan Qatari’s board of directors: The Egyptian Industries Company for Chemicals and Al-Aqafi Medical: George Morpurgo’s Board Members: The Egyptian Company for the Haberdashery Industry: its capital amounted to 1000.00 pounds and its net profit was 51,709 pounds. Jack Dora was a member of its board of directors The delegate, Haim Dora, and Zaki Dora, the Fiber Textile Industry Company, is a member of its board of directors: Robert - J. Rollo, the Industrial Company for Yarns and Textiles : - 72 - . 73

Its capital amounted to 250,000 pounds, and its net profit amounted to 21,970 pounds. Its deputy chairman was Jacques Aslan Levy, and the managing director, Victor Aslan Levy, the State Company for Electricity and Mechanics: its board of directors consisted of Youssef Campos as president, Benvento Campos as managing director, and Rafael Naham Hoberan. And Andre Shammaa, members of the Egyptian Carpa Joint Stock Company: Its capital is 16,980 pounds, and its profits are 3,046 pounds. Among the members of its board of directors is Joseph Aada, the Industrial Stores Company for Silk and Cotton: its capital is 30,000 pounds and net profits are 9846 pounds. Sigmund Hirsch, Henry Mossiri and Felix Nassim Mossiri are Cairo textile factories: capital of 63,000 pounds, profits of 9820 pounds. Among the members of its board of directors is the Misr Pharmaceutical Company: Among its members is the Egyptian Textile Company “Matxa”: capital of 1.550 pounds. And his profits were 6090 pounds. Its board of directors is Max Rollo. Among its members are Arman Moustaki, Elie Patino, and Gustave Agion . - 73 - 74

F management. e. Cohen, and members of the Board of Directors, Aaron Cohen, and Emmanuel Mizrahi, Commercial Credit Company: Its capital is ...300 pounds, and its net profit is 17,756 pounds. Its board of directors was Alfred Cohen, and Fadia Salem was one of the board members of the Sudanese Export and Import Company: its capital was 30,000 pounds, yet its profits amounted to 691,768 pounds, and its chairman was Alfred Cohen, and one of the members of the board or Fadia Salem was the Near East Audit Company: its capital was 14,1635 pounds. Despite this, its profits amounted to 23,340 pounds in 1942. Its board of directors includes Zaki Mawas, the joint stock company for ploughs and engineering: its capital was 100,000 pounds, and its net profits amounted to 195 riyals 4 pounds. Its capital is 8,000 pounds, its net profit is 111,264 pounds, and its board of directors are all Jews. Victor Cohen is president, Yitzhak Mizrahi is managing director, and Max Mizrahi, Raymond Cohen and Aaron Cohen are members of the Pontremoli furniture store company: its capital is 1,80,530 pounds. Its chairman is Aaron Cohen, and its members include Victor Cohen, the joint-stock company for the Egyptian drug stores: its capital . - Yo 75

... 50 pounds, and its net profit is 10,848 pounds, and from its members, Fadia Salem, and Joseph Yanko inspected the Egyptian Company for Mills and Grain Storage: its capital is 0,7510 pounds, and the net profit is 14,606 pounds. Its chairman is Max Agion, and among its members are Vita Farhat, Victor Hanan, and Yvonne Agion H. The Greater Egypt Hotels Company: its capital is 1,441,300 pounds, and its net profit is 47,1476 pounds. Of its board members, Maurice Nassim Moussiri and Gustave Agion H. The Egyptian Hotels Company Ltd.: its capital is 364,177 pounds. Among its members is Felix Moussiri, its managing director, the Egyptian Mines and Research Company: Among its board members is Robert Rollo and Clement Adas, Beltours Transport and Tourism Company: Among its board members is Qurayon Bergai, and Robert Al-Fandari, Jozy Film Company: its capital is 341,100 pounds, and its profits are 6,077 pounds. Youssef Fei And among its members is Albert Vita Moussiri, the Egyptian Financial and Industrial Company for the Production of Chemical Acids: its capital is LE 180, and its profits are 115,1152. Among the members of its board of directors is Aslan Qatawy Bey, the Alexandria Horse Racing Club Company: Its capital amounted to 5485 pounds, yet it achieved a net profit of 6297 pounds. One of the members of its board of directors was Elie Naseem, who had meds . 76

In addition to the field of finance and economics, a large number of intellectuals have emerged

Jews, and practiced their activities in public life, among them were lawyers before mixed and civil courts, and these defended both Jewish and foreign economic interests. Among the most brilliant of these lawyers during the period from 1900 to 1944: Victor Vandari: He was a lawyer in the mixed courts in Cairo since 1915 Maurice Castro He established a law firm in 1934 and worked as a legal advisor to fourteen industrial and commercial companies, including Banque Misr. Charles Shalom: Born in Cairo. Lawyer before the Mixed Court of Appeal and was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Mixed Bar Association Rudolf Shalom Bey: His father was the head of the Mixed Courts Bar Association in the early part of the century. Rudolph was prominent in real estate cases and corporate problems. He was a legal advisor to the Egyptian Mortgage Credit Bank. He was also one of the founders of the Egyptian Judicial Journal. Since 1907, he participated with Jack Moussiri in the establishment of Israeli schools in Cairo and Alexandria. Felix Hamwi: Born in the city of Tanta. Registered in the lawyers’ rolls before the Civil Courts of Appeal in 1931. Ernest Harari: He specialized in civil and commercial cases and was one of the oldest members of the Financial Court in Cairo. Together with Naseem his grandfather, he participated in extensive real estate speculation . . 77 - - 77

This was done by buying and reselling the lands of Shubra, in which the Simi division and Shubra Gardens were established. Later on, Raphael Moday: In the forties he was a lawyer for the Israeli community in Alexandria Nelson Morpurgo: the most famous lawyer in criminal and personal status cases in the mixed courts in the thirties and early forties. One of the extremist Zionists was Isaac Bardo: the grandson of Moses Bardo, the chief rabbi of Alexandria.. He practiced law before the mixed appeals court in Alexandria in the twenties. Vita Soncino: born in Cairo in 1895 • Lawyer before mixed and private courts. He was a member of the “Committee for the Reform of the Jurisprudence Council” at the Egyptian Ministry of Haqqania, and in the twenties he was the head of the branch of the World Zionist Organization in Cairo. Mixed lawyers in Alexandria during the thirties and also worked as a consultant to several Jewish Hanabi companies and participated in the establishment of - Youth Circle in Alexandria and was vice-president of the Forum - Eliyahu in the twenties. A lot of money, including : . . *** - 78. - 78

The engineers, Ralph Harari, Aaron Jeremetsky, Boris Kahanov, Benzion Goldenberg, Gaston Agion, and Zahian engineers, Henry Moussiri, who was a member of the Cairo Scientific Society and General Secretary of the Friends of the Hebrew University. Samuel Al-Jadour, who participated in many Jewish associations and organizations, was the head of the committee for drawing up the Israeli school curricula, and the head of the Bnei Brit Forum. He was also Vice-President of the Egyptian Farmers Union and participated in the editing of the bulletin that was issued by this union. Among the doctors with a large number of doctors who practiced in hospitals and private worship in various specialties, Danid Shanshul, a gynecologist, Victor Cohen, a pediatrician, Victor Bagli, a psychiatrist and neurologist, and Valerio Bardikas, a doctor The internist and Stanislas Rubenlicht of dermatology, Benjamin Feinstein the surgeon, Eli Atiyah, Baruch Sachs and his sons Eli, Rudolf ophthalmologists, and Professor Fritz Meinzer, who discovered in Egypt a lung disease called bilharzia lung. In the history of science. In 1935, he published in French a book entitled “Orthopedics according to Abu al-Qasim and Ibn Sina and its origins in the Talmudis.” In 1938, he published a book on “Dispute among the ancient Jews and in Pharaonic Egypt ” < *** - 79 -: (79).

Dr. Max Meyerhof, the famous ophthalmologist, wrote several books, including his investigation in Arabic and French of a previously unknown book on medicine written by the Jewish thinker Moses Maimonides. Dr. Fritz Katz and Hugo Becker, two of the most skilled surgeons, gained great fame after they fled to Egypt from Germany to escape From Nazi terror , from scientists and chemists, Harry Cushman and Michonne Casturiano became famous in the twentieth century. This is the history of the Jews in Egypt during the first half of a quiet and stable life. Opportunities are available to all without exception. Free practice of their religions in their temples, which spread across the length and breadth of the country. Schools are set up everywhere, freeing their hands in the Egyptian press as well as the Jewish press. A brotherly treatment in which there is neither intransigence nor intolerance, and there is no evidence for this from what was reported by the newspaper “The Jewish Minbar” in its issue issued on the first of July 1942 that Dr. Bakir Behar, after his return to Palestine after a visit to Egypt, gave a lecture at the Kadima Club 27 June 1942, on his impressions during this visit, in which he explained the contribution of Egyptian Jews in the fields of agricultural and industrial production, trade and the freedom they receive in the country, pointing to the spirit of cooperation and mutual understanding that prevails in the relations between the Jews of Egypt and their fellow Egyptian citizens . * 80 - 80

Chapter Two The Zionist Movement and Egypt 81

We mentioned before that the Zionist activity in Egypt, and the call among members of the sect to support the World Zionist Organization began to take a serious form since 1908, when the Bani Zion Association was established, then when it merged in 1909 with the Zion’s Roar Association in Alexandria and when the First World War broke out. And this huge stream of Jewish immigrants from Palestine began to pour into Alexandria, Zionist ideas spread widely, and the number of those who joined that society rose to several hundred.” And another for Jewish history, and among its most prominent members at that time were: Salmon Levy, John Feinblatt, Simon Mani, Lemon Nahmias, Dr. Schlesinger, and Albert Hassan. Global Zionism has a clear influence on this association

. She began working openly to call for the establishment of the national home for the Jews in Palestine, and to contribute to that with money and propaganda. Perhaps the most prominent of her works is the establishment of an information office, the duty of which is to contribute to the settlement of Jews in Palestine and to call for Jewish immigration to it, and to facilitate the task of immigrants who pass through Egypt on their way to Palestine. Palestine In addition to this association, a number of the great Jewish capitalists in Alexandria, headed by Baron Felix Menashe, Victor Nagyar, and Joseph de Pechoto Bey, held a meeting on August 12, 1918 in which Baron Menashe declared the necessity of forming a committee with the aim of including all the Jewish associations from In order to pay attention to everything related to Palestine, and gave a speech including what this committee should do, which is to support the Hebrew University in Palestine, help settle Jews, establish hospitals and charitable societies, and take care of everything that could help increase the material and intellectual progress of the Jews of Palestine. On the 14th In August 1918, the Committee held a second meeting on the occasion of the passing of Dr. Chaim Weizmann, President of the World Zionist Organization, to the city of Alexandria. It invited him to attend this meeting, where the evil In it, he discussed the urgent requirements of the Zionist cause, and presented a complete presentation of the position of the world organization from the political, economic and ideological aspects. He revealed the inadequacy of the organizations based on achieving the goal, and clarified the means to remedy that. Dr. Weizmann did not forget to direct his advice to the members of the committee .

He made recommendations and called on them to help establish agricultural settlements and support charities, schools and cooperative societies in Palestine, as they are urgent necessities required by that stage. After the meeting, this committee decided to bear the name of the “Palestine Partisan Committee” and its office would be formed by Baron Felix Menashe as its president. Victor Nagyar as Vice President and David Sachs as Treasurer. The Committee took the initiative to send an appeal to the city's Jews, in which it clarified its goals, and called for subscription for its goals. A large number of Alexandrian Jews rushed to collect the donation, and the first subscriptions reached in a few days 10.019 • . - - 84 - < 84

Castro and the Zionist call At the same time, Leon Castro, a lawyer who came to Egypt from Turkey after emigrating from it after the First World War, was able to officially establish the first branch of the Zionist Organization. Then he worked as a teacher in Turkey from 1903 to 1906, then traveled to Paris, where he obtained a Bachelor of Laws in 1911. Since his arrival in Egypt after that date, he practiced his profession and became the first president of the Zionist Organization in which the lawyer World Zionism.” Leon Castro began to work seriously, and the first steps he took in this path were for all Zionist associations and included them in the fold of the organization’s branch. In 1918, the “Zion’s Roar” Association became a branch of the World Zionist Organization in Alexandria, then the members of the committee and the Palestinian solidarity joined it. », and took its headquarters in Nabi Daniel Street No. 54, and the organization established a branch in the city of Port Said that was from .. - 85

Its most prominent member is Isaby Lowry. It also established another branch in the city of Mansoura, which was directed by Sedaka Levy, the lawyer. In Cairo, the organization took its headquarters in Abu Sebaa Street No. 17 (Gawad Hosni now) and declared openly that its goal is to spread the Zionist call among the masses of Jews and help establish the Jewish national home in In Palestine, Leon Castro quickly issued the “Zionist Journal” in 1918 to be the mouthpiece of this organization in the country. He established the organization’s branch in Egypt, a branch of the Jewish National Fund, “Kern Kaymet” at the organization’s headquarters, and Daniel Saporta Commissira was chosen for him. His goal was to collect donations from the Jews of Egypt to buy lands in Palestine, and assistance in settling Jewish workers there. This Egyptian branch was in constant contact with the Crane Kaymit Center in London, whose head, Salmon Wright, sent to the Egypt branch with his directives and recommendations. As the Cairo branch established a branch of the Jewish National Fund, the Alexandria branch in turn established a branch for this fund In its aforementioned headquarters, the activity of this branch was wide and infiltrated the various neighborhoods of the city, so it established several organizations, including the Filonia group in the Muharram Bey neighborhood, the Jamelot Hasadim group in the Midan neighborhood, and the Al-Abra group. The fund was formed by an executive committee that was directed and supervised by John Feinblatt, Baruch Pintata, and Raphael Dweck, and after them Avinaam Horvitz, and the proceeds of the donations collected by this fund . . - 86 - - . 86

Small amounts of hundreds of pounds annually. Also, the organization had a branch of the National Fund in the city of Al-Maqsarah, which was supervised by Sedaka Levy. Besides that, the organization established several associations, all calling for the establishment of the national home for the Jews, including the Association of “Friends of the Synod in Jerusalem, and a group - Friends of the Synod and a group - Mo’adon Mayferi al-Rabbani in Jerusalem.” Rhodes » • For Hebrew propaganda, as it established in 1932 the Egyptian Society of Friends of Hebrew Studies headed by Rudolf Shalom in order to form the elements capable of spreading the Hebrew culture among the members of the sect. The leaders of the Zionist Organization in Egypt controlled all the Jewish assemblies, and in 1930 Leon Castro set up the largest national assembly for the Egypt and Sudan region “Bani Brit” on Madly Pasha Street No. 18, whose purpose was to assemble the following assemblies and direct them to serve the ideals of Zionism, which are: The Cairo Forum, Maimonides Forum The Eliyahu Hanabi lodge, the Magen David lodge in Mansoura, the Israel lodge in Port Said, and the Benzion Kosti lodge in Khartoum, Castro assumed the presidency of this grand assembly Jacob Weizmann assisted him in this, and the forums became an explicit platform for the Zionist call, in which meetings and public lectures calling for the cause of the Jewish national homeland were organized. When Dr. - 87 - - attended. 87

Britt Yugoslavia Yitzhak Alkalay, Chief Rabbi of Yugoslavia, on a visit to Egypt in March 1942, was invited by the Eliyahu Hanabi Convention built in Alexandria to give a lecture on Judaism, followed by the ancient Zionist Elie Politi with a word of thanks addressed to him on behalf of the assembly, followed by Julian Greenberg, Vice President of the Zionist Organization at the time. Alkalay that he is considered an example for the complete Jew who does not fear blame for expressing his Zionist sentiments, and who is considered in Zionist circles and the owner of a word always heard in Yugoslavia, an argument and an extension of confidence. During the Second World War, Egypt witnessed wide and deep Zionist activity. In particular, the Palestinian volunteers among them, who were filled with fanatical Zionist ideas in the minds of most of them, rushed with great enthusiasm to call for the establishment of the national homeland in Palestine. The Zionist Organization in Egypt received them in its arms, and facilitated for them by various means the means to meet with the youth of the Israeli community in the country, and meetings were organized for them to draw plans from In order to cooperate to achieve Zionist goals, the organization established in 1941 a committee in the name of The Jewish Committee for the Recreation of Sailors, Soldiers and Airmen, its mission is to set up recreational clubs for Jewish soldiers, and to provide them with religious, spiritual and material aid and assistance, and it has set up its headquarters in Adly Street No. 18 in Cairo. At the head of this committee was the great Jewish capitalist or Fadia Salem. while - . 4 88 - . - 88

ZEME Leon Castro was the head of the Zionist Organization in Egypt, the deputy of Leon. This committee set up several clubs in Cairo and Alexandria that were frequented by Jewish soldiers, and it was based on their service, the ladies of the sect. In fact, these clubs became centers of Zionist activity and meeting points for young people to crystallize their political goals. Senior Jewish capitalists used to invite soldiers in the name of this committee to parties that they would hold in their homes, and among them was Daniel Coriel and his wife, who were published in the newspapers that they held a party on March 19, 1942 in the garden of their house. In Zamalek, 112 soldiers were included. As Jacob Weizmann used to receive Jewish soldiers and hold meetings for them, his wife supervised the clubs set up for them in Cairo. Jacob Weizmann was a flame of continuous activity for the Zionist cause. Palestine was, as he was, a close friend of the Zionist Musa Shertok ("Sharit later"), who then took over as prime minister in Israel during the years 1954-1955. Musa Shartok was a guest of Jacob Weizmann at his house on Qasr al-Nil Street whenever he came to Egypt to deliver his instructions to the head of the organization's branch, a technician during the Second World War. He often held meetings with members of the World Zionist Organization. Egypt - ✔ - A9 - .89

Leon Weizmann, Boris Kahonov, the organization’s treasurer, and Shaul, its general secretary. Sharett used to give sermons at the Nuqat al-Laban school or at the “Hotel for Jewish Soldiers” on Saad Mausoleum Street No. 2, which was attended by a large number of Jews recruited into the British forces, as well as Many intellectuals, financiers, and economists were members of the sect for a period of time, as in late March 1942, Yitzhak Ben Zvi, who became president of the Republic of Israel after Chaim Weizmann, and at that time was head of the Jewish National Council in Palestine, came to Egypt and visited the Jewish community and Alexandria. Ten days during which he traveled between Cairo and met a large number of Jewish soldiers and officers volunteering in the British army and held meetings with them in which he discussed the situation in Palestine. He paid a visit to the chief rabbi and the senior members of the community and held a special meeting for the members of the community’s Supreme Council headed by Waf Qatawi Pasha and presented to them the aspects of the Palestinian problem and its destination The Jewish National Council looked and when he traveled to Alexandria, the Zionist organization held a reception for him on March 29 at its headquarters on Al-Nabi Daniel Street, where he delivered a political speech In it, Sia called to work on the construction of the Jewish national home by uniting all material and moral efforts. As a result of these meetings between the leaders of Zionism in Palestine, and members of the organization's branch in Egypt, the branch established . . > - - 200 - .. 6 90

With a wide campaign to collect donations for the victims of Nazism among the Jews, he collected a total of 15,000 pounds, of which 12,000 pounds were allocated to buy a plot of land in Palestine on which a colony of German Jewish immigrants was established in Wadi Al-Hafer. Philo Yadida, who lived in the first century BC, and in 1943 Leon Castro decided to re-form the branch of the Zionist Organization again, under the name “Egyptian Zionist Union” and took its headquarters on Emad El-Din Street No. His motto remained the dissemination of Zionist goals among the masses of Jews in Egypt and to help establish a national home for the Jews in Palestine. Castro assumed the presidency of this union, which included 700 members. Its board of directors consisted of: Jacob Weizmann, Adolf Kramer, Emilio Levi, Sam Hanukkah, Avinaam Horvitz, Dr. Zuckerman, Raphael Dweck, Ralph Green, Albert Alba Morris Ventura, and this union included several committees, including : 116. . 93 - - . 91

And the Youth Committee, headed by Chaim Zadikov, the “Propaganda Committee” whose secretariat was Leon Benas, and the “Kern Hayesod Committee,” meaning the founding fund for Palestine, and its mission was to call for subscriptions, loans, grants and gifts to be invested in Palestine. This committee was headed by Isaac Amiel and the Press Committee And the media, and it was supervised by Emil Tejar, the lawyer, the husband of Jacob Weizmann’s daughter. December 12, 1944, after returning from a trip he had made to Palestine during which he made contacts with Zionist leaders there as a representative of the organization in Egypt, he delivered a lecture in the city of Alexandria attended by Chief Rabbi Moise Ventura, members of the Zionist Union in the city, and a large number of young people. The title of his lecture was “Modern Impressions” About Palestine » In it he reviewed the efforts made by the Jews of Palestine during the Second World War, and stated that the World Zionist Organization had put at the service of the Allies a network of arrogance Matt, whose work is considered one of the greatest acts of war, and whose secrets have not yet come to light, referred to a statement by Ben-Gurion in which he said: “We are participating

In the war as if there was no white paper, and we fight the white paper as if there was no war.” Emile Najjar concluded from this statement by saying that the Jews of Palestine, even if they contributed to the war effort of the allies, would not give up their acquired conditions, or the struggle from In order to achieve their ultimate goal, as Carpenter mentioned, a famous American geologist, Mr. Lauder Milk, had recently studied the possibilities for the development of Palestine, and argued that it would allow the absorption of four million immigrant Jews who could live at a completely high level. Carpenter concluded his lecture by calling all Zionists to cooperate in order to The common goal, and to stand behind the Jewish Agency in order to facilitate the support of the Zionist cause. When the General Assembly of the Zionist Union convened on December 3, 1944 under the chairmanship of Castro - and that was after the murder of Lord Moyne in Cairo by the Stern Gang - to re-elect the members of the activity committees of the Union and to approve its list, he delivered Castro gave a speech in which he affirmed his support for the Jewish Agency and its support for its policy against extremist terrorist movements. Then a discussion took place about the situation of the Jews in the countries of Europe that were liberated from Nazism, in which a South African journalist, Norman Lowry, who works as a war correspondent, was coming from New York on his way to Palestine. On his journey, he passed through Paris and Thessaloniki, and Lowry referred to the condition of the Jews in those countries, and attacked *** 93 - ti F 93

In democratic countries, the anti-Zionist current, which is widespread among Jews in some, said that the Jews of the United States, many of whom had long been reluctant to uphold the national ideal, now admit that there is no longer any refuge for the Jewish people, except that which Theodor Herzl identified and at the end of his speech directed Lowe is an appeal to the Jews of Egypt to redouble their efforts in order to reach this ultimate goal . 94 I A 94

Chapter Three Corrective Movement 95

After the end of World War I and the issuance of the “Balfour Declaration,” Zionism was able to convince Britain and British politicians that the establishment of a Zionist state, or at least a Zionist bloc in Palestine, would undoubtedly be a pillar for it in the East and a base that would protect the Suez Canal, which is a vital passageway. Extremely important, with regard to Britain’s transportation to India and the Far East, and then things developed, so an extremist group of Zionism considered the issuance of this promise as the ultimate goal from Britain to achieve the Zionist national homeland, and that Britain’s negligence in implementing this promise means a betrayal of Zionism that cannot be forgiven, regardless of what this causes It is politically exhausted, and notwithstanding the bad relations between it and the Arabs, and for this reason Chaim Weizmann's policy, which relies on Britain's friendship and loyalty in order to realize the aspirations of Zionism, was met with strong opposition, led by Vladimir Gabo Tensky, who represents the far right in the World Zionist Organization in 1940. Jabotinsky first resigned from the executive body of the World Zionist Organization in January 1923 in protest of 1880 - .. - 96

On the policy of the “White Paper” that was published in 1922, accusing his colleagues in the organization of losing political realism because they were jostling with Britain in vain, despite it delaying the implementation of the “Balfour Declaration” and following Jabotinsky’s resignation, a party formed within the organization known as the “Revisionists,” or “Revisers.” As soon as the year 1935 came, the relationship between the Revisionists and Weizmann’s supporters had reached a point that threatened an impending explosion within the World Zionist Organization. Ben-Gurion tried to bring the two sides closer, but his side reconciled the two teams in 1934. Among them regarding the issue of dissent from the organization, and a minority of them later called the “deportees” saw that the situation does not require dissent, and that the critical stage that Zionism is going through calls for unity, harmony and continuation to work within the impasse of the organization, but the extremist majority insisted on its position, split the stick of obedience and decided to withdraw And cut ties with the World Zionist Organization. This extremist wing was led by Vladimir Gabo Tensky, who we mentioned before participated in the founding of a group of Jewish mule riders in Alexandria in 1915. The Zionist movement” has made desperate attempts to maintain unity within the ranks of the organization, by trying to persuade the extremists to be rational .

He calculated the circumstances, but to no avail, and for this reason, a group of the corrective party was formed, whose concern is not to cause a crack in the pillars of the old World Zionist Organization and not to cause a split also, a new party is the war of the Jewish state » but what concerns us in this area is what happened After Jabotinsky and his colleagues established the establishment of the “New Zionist Organization,” and its goals, since the establishment of this organization, announced that it had three goals: First, the creation of a national homeland that includes Palestine and the East. The Jew in the National Home Palestine Third: Building a Jewish Civilization Inspired by the Hebrew and its new spirit, the Torah. In order to achieve these Zionist goals, the new organization did not hesitate to draw practical plans to be put into practice. On the other hand, it revealed its intentions towards the Arabs, and its explicit position on the problem of the displacement of Jews. To Palestine The new Zionist organization saw that the establishment of the state requires opening the door wide for every Jew in the world to enter Palestine, without restrictions or obstacles. And an attempt .. *** .. - 98 - 98

Obstructing absolute immigration is an unforgivable crime, and eliminating all obstacles that obstruct the way to the Promised Land is a sacred duty. As for the Arabs who will live in this Crimean homeland, the new Zionist organization decided to give them all the rights that minorities demand in other countries. As for the right path To achieve the Zionist goals, it is represented primarily in the Jewish self-reliance, meaning that to build the Jewish state, one must first rely on the Jews themselves, in terms of financing and preparing fighters, without relying on the Mandate government. These developments were clearly reflected on the Zionist movement in Egypt. It has its prominent features and features - 99-7 - The Jews and the Zionist Movement 994

Albert Straselsky In 1933, a young Jewish journalist, born in Cairo, left Egypt for Paris on December 27, 1902, whose name is Perestraselsky, of Russian origin. No sooner had he reached the age of thirteen, until he left educational institutions, he was fascinated by writing and a love of literature. He worked in the French press, which was published in Egypt for several years, during which time he was one of the ardent preachers of Zionism. In Paris, where Albert Straselsky intended to continue his studies and specialize in Political Economy, by Vladimir Gabo Tensky. Setr Aselski was fascinated by Jabotinsky's personality, and was attracted by his extremist Zionist ideas, so he devoted all his time to his discipleship. They adhere to him, and admire his extremist ideas ( . 100

After six years of continuous political work in the arms of Gabo Tensky, Straselsky returned to Egypt in early 1926, to establish a branch of the Revisionist Party, preaching his extremist call, and bearing the banner of opposition within the ranks of the branch of the World Zionist Organization in Egypt. Those whose confidence has been shaken in the policy of the World Zionist Organization, which, in my opinion, will inevitably lead to the stifling of the Zionist movement. The Revisionist Jews were able to gather around him a group of young Jews and enthusiastic vanguards whose wings were filled with a sense of the Zionist message and who considered themselves the builders of the Zionist national homeland, or at least the rebuilders of it. Suez Canal Zone, Salomon Levy, an employee at the National Bank, Vita Cohen from Port Said, Carlo Rosenthal, who worked in the Kotzka alcohol company, and Rafael Sadovsky, who was a student at that time. Sado Fesky, and he pushed these young people to continue and persevere in their work, as they were encouraged and sympathetic to their call from (101 - - - 101).

The hypocrisy of the Jews who were willing to pay money to support this Zionist movement, including Ralph Green, who is one of the great landlords, and one of the few who controlled the marketing and export of Egyptian agricultural crops abroad, since the beginning of the twentieth century. In support of the national Zionist movement for the Jews, in addition to the fact that the members of the Moussiri family have dedicated their wealth and efforts to support this Zionist party financially and morally. Most of them are a violent attack on the policy of Dr. Chaim Weizmann, just as was happening within the World Zionist Organization, before Jabotinsky and his associates separated from it. The activity of the Revisionists had a clear reaction to the Zionist movement in Egypt, which had not yet reached a clear degree of crystallization. and maturity, for the extremism of the revisionists inflamed the enthusiasm of the Zionist movement in general, which made it move towards more movement and launch. For global Zionism, the Jewish organizations in Egypt to elect a delegate to represent them in the Zurich Conference in 1931, the Seventeenth Zionist Congress . - - 102 -. . ! 102

The corrective won the electoral battle, and won the majority of votes. As their candidate got nearly seven hundred votes, while Madame Agion did not get more than three money. In this year also, the party decided to publish a weekly newspaper in French to express the views of the corrective and invite them. So he issued a weekly political newspaper, The Jewish Voice, and took its headquarters on Sheikh Abu Sebaa Street in Cairo. The Corrective Party in Egypt, until it stopped due to another Jabotinsky’s summoning of it when, in fact, 1933 was an important year in the history of the head of the Corrective Party in Egypt, when Albert Straselsky was elected as a delegate for the party at the eighteenth Zionist Congress held in Prague. At the same time, Vladimir Jabotinsky commissioned him at the end of this year to publish a newspaper for the revisionists in Paris. Indeed, Straselsky took over as editor-in-chief of the newspaper “Our Voice,” which carried the banner of the opposition, denouncing Weizmann’s policy of relying on Britain to implement the Balfour Declaration, and its procrastination in achieving the texts of this promise. The Arabs took this newspaper. It also took a hostile position in its issue of September 2, 1934. .. - - ( 103

On its pages, Straselsky called for a meeting in the party house on Pentois Street No. 7 in Paris to hear a speech regarding what he called “the political danger arising from the position of the Arabs toward Zionism.” However, after Gabo Tensky separated from the World Zionist Organization in 1935, and founded the “New Zionist Organization,” he returned Straselsky to Egypt again, to resume his activity in organizing the Revisionists movement, so that it becomes a branch of the new organization. Alberster Aselsky made his office in Mustafa Kamel Pasha Square the headquarters of this branch, where he held periodic meetings, organized lectures and discussions and issued pamphlets calling for the principles of the “Zionist Organization.” The New » and promoted its ideas and Jeanne, and it was not until 1936 that Straselsky was able to establish another branch of the new Zionist organization in the city of Alexandria, in which a large and wealthy Jewish community lived. There he held several meetings with his supporters and supporters, including Felix Benzagen, the Jewish lawyer before the Court of Cassation, Elie Politi, the journalist and distributor of Al-Masry newspaper in Alexandria, Feinblatt, Jack Sayed and others. And Straselsky established a third branch of the organization in the city of Port Said, headed there by Nathan Helman, owner of Folworth Jewelery Stores, and his secretary was Roland Terkel. In 1937, it was characterized by extensive Zionist activity - 104 (104)

range in the world and in Egypt in particular. This was following the publication of the report of the “Royal Peel Committee” on the issue of Arab-Jewish relations in Palestine. After this committee had finished presenting its report, in which it called for partition, Vladimir Jabotinsky passed by Alexandria, and met there with the members of the new Zionist organization in Egypt, headed by them. Well, Albert Straselsky, he also held a press conference at the Cecil Hotel on July 5, 1937, in which he addressed the Palestinian cause and declared his denunciation of the idea of partition, the insistence of the new Zionist organization on the establishment of a Jewish state within the historical borders of Israel, and the need to regulate immigration on a large scale. Jabotinsky emphasized in his press conference that The consent of the Arabs can only be obtained after the establishment of the Zionist state by force and imposition on its opponents. Accordingly, Felix Benzaghen, the lawyer, as head of the organization’s branch in Alexandria, issued a bulletin in the French context, attacking the Peel Commission report, and demanding adherence to the realization of the Balfour Declaration, as the presidency of the new Zionist organization was prepared in Cairo. Several applications to join its membership, to be distributed widely among the members of the Jewish community in Egypt, called for the establishment of the The national homeland of the Jews, and from what it says “The only way leading to the goal is the creation of a Jewish state based on the principles of civil freedom and justice and working on social restoration, guided by the spirit of the Torah, the Jews who desire their homeland and liquidate the state of dispersion .” . 105 2 105

The role played by the party The branch of the organization in Egypt played an important role in supporting the Zionist policy, which believed that providing the national homeland with money was the only way to achieve the dream of Zionism. Building the homeland requires the construction of a solid economic entity, and this can only be achieved by two ways: * Collecting donations from the artistic classes from all the Jews of the world * and urging the Jewish capital to flow into Palestine, to be exploited in the country’s investments, in order to be able to dominate and control its destiny. The organization in Cairo and Alexandria called for organizing campaigns to collect donations for the subscription of “Tel Hai” which was established by the “New Zionist Organization.” The members of the organization in Hamas took the responsibility of distributing the propaganda leaflets that were sent to it from the subscription center in Palestine. These are pamphlets that were printed in the Diag Press in Tel Aviv, bearing the Jewish flag and the slogan “The Resurrection of the Jewish Nation and the Restitution of Its Land.” At the same time, the Alexandria Subscription Agency, which was supervised by Eli Politi, was issued at 106-106 Street .

Tamara Adeeb No. 1, several brochures, some of which had a map of Palestine printed on some of them, highlighting the location of Massal High, and below them the words of Joseph Trembledore: “If we want to create something big, we have to work, . . . On others there is a picture of the Wailing Wall in Jerusalem, and an expression indicating that participation in this subscription “was sent to the Jewish nation, and Joseph Trembledore, who we mentioned before was one of the most prominent soldiers of the Jewish Mule Riders Division in 1914, was killed in 1926 during the disturbances that occurred in Palestine - The Zionists made him a hero who celebrate the anniversary of his death every year. The new Zionist Organization in Egypt used to celebrate this anniversary, and the last celebration was held in Egypt on this occasion in February of 1945 in the Nutat Al-Laban School. Egypt in 1942 with the help of British intelligence to Palestine for fear of an attack by the Axis forces that approached El Alamein, he met there with the manager of the Tel Hay underwriting “Mr. Bumfield, and his founder since 1929 and agreed with him to reorganize the donation process for the subscription fund and after his return to Egypt, following the end of The El Alamein crisis, he entrusted Salmon Levy, a member of the organization and an employee of the National Bank, to supervise this work and assigned him to place more than twenty funds to collect donations in the places he frequents and send its proceeds promptly to the Jewish Center in Cairo (... - 107-107).

Subscription, through a branch of Barclays Bank in Cairo or with some people, whom he trusts. On the other hand, Jack Sayed opened a real estate office in Alexandria as an agent for a number of Jewish institutions in Palestine, a member of the organization - which buys Arab lands and sells them to Jews. This Jack Sayed used to keep with him detailed maps of the lands offered for sale, which he presents to his Jewish clients in Egypt who contribute by this means to the dispossession of the Arabs of their lands. Among the offices that Jack Sayed dealt with and worked as an agent was the office of Israelios Zervadas on Yonahani Street No. 26 in Tel Aviv. Avizers Sevi Office No. 87 on Shilomoha Milkl Street in Tel Aviv also. Then it happened that Vladimir Jabotinsky died in New York City on July 4, 1940, and with his death, the new World Zionist Organization was unable to elect a successor to him, because it was not possible to hold a World Zionist Congress in the circumstances of the Second World War. Here, the organization was limited to establishing main offices in Palestine, Britain, the United States of America, and South Africa. Dr. Arbeh Altman headed the Jerusalem office, Mr. Abrahams headed the London office, and Colonel Mendelson headed the South Africa office. In this organization, the organization’s branch in Egypt became, Subordinate from the organizational point of view of the Jerusalem office, and for personal guidance (**** 108 - - 6 “- -” 108

Its president is Dr. Altman. Therefore, Dr. Altman began to frequent Cairo and Alexandria, to supervise the activities of the organization because of the importance of the Egypt office due to the assistance it could provide to the organization. In 1942, Dr. Altman came to Cairo, where he held a meeting at Simon Yankovic’s house on Nubar Pasha Street - which is One of the prominent members of the organization's branch. His wife, Levsha Yanukovych, who was a general secretary, and about a dozen of her members attended this meeting, including Albert Straselsky, Rafael Sadovsky, and some extremist Jewish recruits such as Joseph Stetter and Feinberg, who will be discussed when talking about the Stern group and its terrorist activity in Egypt. Discussing the Palestinian problem, the conditions of the Jews and their conditions in Palestine, and the future plan for the Jewish national homeland, and for the Jewish soldiers after their demobilization from the Allied armies. The mass massacres launched by the fascists in Germany, the Balkan countries, and the occupied countries. In this lecture, Dr. Arbeeh Altman pointed out that the Jews of Egypt should unite in order to collect donations to contribute to the process of displacement. During this visit and the visits that followed to the two branches of the organization in Cairo and Alexandria, Altman was able to collect huge donations from wealthy Jews, amounting to several thousand pounds (4)-4.(109

However, in February of the following year 1944, Dr. Altman held a large Zionist conference in Alexandria, attended by eighty members of the new Zionist organization, at the house of Monsieur Rossano, one of the great cotton merchants in the city. Dr. Altman gave a political speech in this conference in which he emphasized that if the Zionists fail to obtain their demands by peaceful means, they will have to resort to violence and take up arms in order to achieve their goals. When the security authorities in Egypt learned about this meeting, and realized the extent of what it involves When he was in danger, George Geez Pasha, the governor of Alexandria, at that time sent a letter to Colonel Giles, director of the criminal and political department of the Palestinian government in Jerusalem, in which he narrated the details of what took place in this meeting, and what was contained in the eight letter of the doctor of a blatant threat to the British government and asked Colonel Giles Alert Dr. Altman to pass by him to meet him if he came to the Egyptian country, in order to understand with him in this regard, and warn him of the consequences of such meetings, and the discussions taking place in them. Dr. Altman actually attended, and met Jeez Pasha on April 19, 1944, and accompanied him Albert Straselski: And Monsieur Rossano. No one tried to deny what happened in this meeting. The conversation touched upon discussing the political situation in Palestine. Dr. Altman became angry and declared firmly, that the “new Zionist organization” considers first and foremost the establishment of the national home for the Jews in Palestine, which is after that 1. . - . 110

Do not mind the annexation of Palestine to the British Commonwealth, while granting it autonomy. In this meeting also, Dr. Altman echoed his threats, that if the British government did not respond to these, the Zionists would undertake to achieve it by their means and that he personally would advance the ranks and would spare no effort to stand in front of the demanding English In the face of this strict position, Jiz Pasha retreated, and said that, as an employee in the Egyptian government, he only wanted to distance the Jews of Egypt from getting involved in the problems of the Palestinian Jews so that this would not affect their relationship with the Egyptian people, and his government at the beginning of 1944 was the developments of World War II, referring to The victory of the Allies, the defeat of the Axis Powers, and for this reason the new Zionist organization began to move with a high degree of organization and tactics, in order to take the necessary steps to declare the Jewish national home the day after the end of the war. From the Egyptian government regarding its establishment and legitimacy, Nassar, in his capacity as head of the organization’s branch in Jerusalem, informed him to Albert Straselsky on February 25, 1944, of his appointment as the representative No to the political office of the presidency of the new World Zionist Organization in Cairo and entrusted it with the organization and management of all its affairs in the country by a decision and as a result of that, Straselsky proceeded to reconstitute the Cairo branch as a general commissar and leader of the group in “****-€. 111

Egypt . He called a meeting in his office on June 25, 1944, in which he proposed forming the branch committee with Victor Hazan, the lawyer, as chairman, Madame Fortinet Hazan, his wife, for the general secretariat, Rafael Sadovsky as assistant secretary, Victor Pearce as treasurer, and Akubas as assistant treasurer. The branch also included about 45 working members, including Salmeen Levy, Victor Cohen, Carlo Rose-Nethal Heliman, Nelson Morpurgo, Advocate, and Nathan, and Albert Strassaski wrote minutes of this meeting, which he sent to the Military Governor-General of Egypt, requesting his approval for the formation of Section 4" 112

Warning of the Undersecretary of the Interior Ministry In early July 1944, Hassan Refaat Pasha summoned the Undersecretary of the Interior Ministry, Albert Straselsky, with him, Victor Hazan, and informed them that Raphael Sadovsky and Nelson Moore Borgo, the Egyptian government did not agree to establish a branch of the organization, and therefore they had to stop the new Zionism in Egypt completely, and it was This was in the wake of a request made by Setre Selaski to authorize the celebration of the day of the death of the founder of the new Zionist Organization, Vladimir Gabo Tensky, which the branch of the Zionist Organization used to hold annually in the group’s center on Maarouf Street. And it went in its prescribed direction, plotting against the Arab people in Palestine and betraying the Arab people in Palestine. This Zionist activity remained at its strongest in Egypt in March of 1945 when Rafael, who was Secretary-General of the new Zionist Sadovsky Organization and at the same time a member of the Stern terrorist group, was arrested and the threads of the Zionist organization in Egypt began to unravel after 113

1 That Sadovsky admitted that Straselsky had recorded the defense of Lord Moyne's killers in court sessions, a defense which the court had prohibited from broadcasting, and given it to one of the Stern terrorists, Benjamin Jabar, to deliver him to the gang center in Palestine. Various countries, in particular Britain, to exchange news, experiences, information and methods of propaganda with them, after warning the Undersecretary of the Egyptian Ministry of Interior to Albert Straselsky to stop Zionist activity. In addition to that, Straselsky was working as a reporter for the newspaper “Hama Shakef, the corrective newspaper. He regularly received the preparation of this magazine and my magazines.” Hayarden, and by sea and aviation, to distribute them among the members of the community in Egypt, as Straselsky was always informed of the events taking place in the organization there. On April 12, 1943, the Political Bureau sent him details of the meeting of the General Assembly of the Jewish Students’ Union that took place the previous day, and the decisions it had taken, the most prominent of which was the necessity of carrying out a wide campaign to establish a national Jewish army, and taking measures to expel Dr. Masbech from the Hebrew University and institutes Palestinian Judaism and the support and greetings of anonymous Jews who are excluded in Europe for their defense of Jewish honour. Straselski was also in constant contact with Mr. *** 1 . .. 114

Abrahams, head of the London office, and when Abrahams passed by Cairo in 1944, on his way to Palestine, he was invited by Sehr Aselsky to a meeting, in which he explained the current situation in Palestine and described it as very bad because of the terrorist actions. Constantly to the Egypt branch for distribution, and Straselsky continued to write to the newspaper “The Jewish Kr and Nickel”, the oldest English-language Jewish newspaper, and from South Africa, Mr. Hyman Levy was the Secretary of the New Zionist Organization there during the years 1943-1944. Straselsky used to write to the “Jewish Herald” newspaper, which is the mouthpiece of the correctives in Cape Town, South Africa. In fact, the link between the Egyptian branch and the South African branch was very close, for the correctives there had a good strength. Party members from the British army soldiers working in Egypt used to frequent the headquarters of the Cairo branch, met Straselsky, and held secret political meetings with him. » The members of the organization in Egypt were distributing it on a large scale to the Jewish community. In addition, the secretariat of the organization was concerned with caring for young people who believed in Zionist principles, so Jack Seid established in 115-8 - Jews and the Zionist movement +115

VGChapter Four Terror 116

Alexandria is a branch of the “Battar” group, which is the Zionist organization for youth, which was established by Gabo Tensky, and it has branches in various countries of the world. This group in Egypt included a number of Jewish athletes as a cover to conceal its political intentions. It officially participated in the opening of the Olympic stadium in Alexandria, claiming that it was a sports group and its members presented a presentation by Jack Sayed himself. She also exchanged information and pamphlets with the Batar group in Cape Town in South Africa, as well as with the group in Palestine. As general commissar of the new Zionist group, Straselsky continued to direct his letters to journalists, Masonic lodges, heads of other Jewish groups, and Leon Castro, head of the old Zionist group, and to commissions, embassies and heads of state. The communities, especially Lord Killerne, the British ambassador in Egypt, dealt with many issues concerning the Jewish community, and he continued his Zionist activity even after Hassan Pasha asked him to stop the activity of the new Zionist organization in Egypt. Straselsky later explained that he was carrying out his activities as As a representative of the political bureau of the presidency of the new world Zionist group, and not as a general commissary of the group in Egypt, and that this capacity does not fall within the scope of the Warning and prohibition Although the order was issued to expel Albert Straselsky from the Egyptian country on May 28, 1945, due to his hostile activity, his expulsion did not, in fact, end the Zionist conspiracy that kept secretly spewing its poison - 117

A The assassination of Lord and Tarmoin in the neighborhood of Zamalek in Cairo, on November 6, 1944, was an escalation of the Zionist terror movement, which began a few years before that date, in order to put pressure on the British Mandate authorities in Palestine, and on the Arab citizens to establish the Jewish national home there. The secrets and minutes of the assassination of the British Minister of State in the Middle East would have remained a secret if Rafael Sadovsky, who was a prominent member of the "Revisionists" party in Egypt and then the "New Zionist Organization", had not been arrested, as we said on the day of the execution of my killers. Lord Moyen - Eliyahu Hakim and the Yahut is Syrian. Sadovsky was caught at the grave of the murderers in the Jewish cemetery in the orchards in the Maadi neighborhood, wandering about, out of will, out of balance and in a collapsed psychological state. It was proven that he was not only one of the Jews who joined the Zionist movements and the new Zionist organization headed by Straselsky in particular. An active member of the organization affiliated with the "Stern" gang, but rather was

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directly in Palestine, and Hamzat al-Wasl or the Secretary-General of the Stern branch in Cairo was a Syrian. He was the one who knew about the crime before it was committed and was attentive to the requests of the killers - Eliyahu Hakim and El-Yahoubt since they came from Palestine until they committed the assassination. He is also the one who organized their meeting with members of the gang of Jewish soldiers working in the British army in the Middle East. Before we discuss the crime of assassination, and how its threads were woven in Palestine to be implemented in Egypt, we stop a little to talk briefly about the terrorist organization and its historical roots in Palestine As a result of the repeated Jewish immigration to Palestine, the Zionist movement did not find an alternative to evacuating the Arabs from their lands by force of arms. The Jewish Agency formed a military militia under the pretext of protecting its growing colonies. In the late thirties, the Zionist aggression against the Arab population was increasing in violence, and this aggression was associated with the name of Vladimir Jabotinsky, the extreme right-wing who established a military division to resist the Arabs. Then he promptly pushed the World Zionist Organization to establish a permanent military division to protect the Jewish colonies, the “Hagana” division .

In 1937, a wing that believed in principles defected from it. Gabu Tensky called himself “Argon Zvai Leumi, meaning the national military organizer. The Argonne continued to practice violent terrorism against the Arabs and against the Mandate government at the same time, until the Second World War was declared, and Jabu Tensky issued a statement directing To the Jewish people, to stop acts of terror against the English, it says: Uh, a savage enemy threatens Poland, the heart of the Jewish exile, where for nearly a thousand years have lived three million Jews who owe allegiance to the country and the Polish nation. This war is its war, and we Jews do not forget that England twenty years ago, and until recently, was our companion in Zion. Therefore, the place of the Jewish nation is in all the fronts in which these nations fight, in order to lay the foundations of the society that considers our Holy Book its great document.” Jabo forgot everyone's support. A faction that defected from the Irgun in June 1940 called itself Lakhmai Herut Israel "that is, the fighters for the freedom of Israel." This group is also known as the "Stern Group, after Abraham. M. Stern, the leader of the dissidents, who was an assistant to David Ratzel, the leader of the Irgun. The Stern group began its terrorist activity secretly, and its number was limited, but it was distinguished by its iron organization . 120

It was organized in the form of circles, not exceeding one of them, and the member of the circle did not know anyone in the group other than the members of his circle, and this group believed that the only way to establish the Jewish national home was to embarrass the English center during the war to leave Palestine, and in this way it plotted several assassination crimes for senior officials Mandate..a terrorist campaign that lasted for about three and a half years was launched in Cairo, and this group spread to Egypt, where the Huyuns established an integrated organization in which some Egyptians participated. The Arab League conference Moen held at Antoniadis Palace in Alexandria, smuggling weapons, ammunition and explosives from the camps to the Al-Masabah center in Palestine. The first name that comes to mind from members of the Stern gang in Egypt is Joseph Stetner, Joseph Stetner, and the mind planning to carry out the crime of Gan, the mastermind of the assassination of Lord Moyne.. He is He was of Polish origin and joined the "Macabi" group since early childhood.. Then he became an active member of the Batar group, since 1938. In 1942 he volunteered in the British army as a signer. He joined the Royal Air Force and joined the Stern Group and was one of its prominent members in the ". . 121

Palestine is terrorist crimes, and one of the specialists in organizing assassinations and planning, and when the gang decided to eliminate Lord Moyne in Cairo in particular, I entrusted him with drawing steps to achieve this goal. He was able to woo him, bring him into the ranks of the group, and use him to achieve the gang's goals. Joseph Stetner was a keen young man, with a strong and influential personality. He did not frequent bars and public places except with great caution. It was his habit, when he entered any place, to examine the faces of those sitting in it very quickly and immediately choose a seat near the outside door to ensure quick action in cases of emergency. His principle, which he always repeated to each member of the gang: “The terrorist has two enemies: speech. And the writing, “and to be more careful, he took on himself a nom de guerre, Ben Zevi.” In fact, in his planning of terrorist operations, he followed a method characterized by accuracy and perfection, as he had all the qualities necessary to run secret societies.. That is why he was one of the three who are directly connected to the head of the gang in Palestine, which was headed at that time by the terrorist "Friedman Blaine "... . .. - 122 122

Zvi Feinberg One of the prominent elements in the gang with Joseph Suttner. Zvi Feinberg, who is of Lithuanian origin, volunteered in the British army in 1939, and participated in the Battle of El Alamein. He was also among the Allied forces that entered Syria and Feinberg, unlike Stetner, was not cautious Rather, he was on the side of recklessness and indifference, and when, after being hit by a train, he died in an accident in the city of Ismailia while crossing in front of the railway station, he found with him papers of importance and danger to the Stern gang, and Weinberg's main task was to smuggle weapons and ammunition from Egypt to the gang's center In Palestine, his work in the city of Ismailia, between the two camps of the British army on the Suez Canal, helped him obtain huge quantities of weapons, and his proximity to Palestine made it easier for him to smuggle them with the soldiers returning on their vacations. In the incident, he handed them over in Ismailia to Arbi Ki, who in turn delivered them to Rafael Cortes. It has been proven that these two Sadovsky pistols in Cairo had previously been used by the gang in several incidents, including the assassination of an inspector The British police in Jerusalem and Feinberg, he was well known to the English security authorities in Palestine, he is one of the dangerous terrorists, and he was arrested with Joseph Stenner, before he joined . - 123". 123

He was in direct contact with the head of the gang in Palestine, and he remained in Cairo following the events of the case of Lord Moyne after the arrest of the killers. Honor in the center of the gang in Palestine, in appreciation of his heroism and dedication to the cause of Zionism, something about their relationship and cautioned him to mention. If he was asked and asked to say that he was related to him, and that he had not met him for many months, Benjamin Gibber, as for the most prominent figure in the gang in fact after Joseph Satner, is Benjamin Gibber, who was the first head of the Stern group in Egypt. In 1942, the British joined the Zionist movements among the Jews of Egypt and expanded the circle of his relations, polarizing the extremist right-wing elements. He continued to run the gang’s branch in Egypt, until he traveled with the British commando forces that invaded Italy in the presidency, Joseph Stenner, who planned to assassinate the Lord, as we explained before, and Jabeer of Polish origin He began his life in organizations, leaving the city of Zionism, and joined the “Battar” group in Poland between 1926, the agricultural sector, in Nancy, 1933. Then he left for France to study science, and there he met Albert Straselsky, the commisser of the new Zionist organization’s branch in Egypt after that - and he joined him in disciple Vladimir Japolinsky. 1 - 124

In 1936, he immigrated to Palestine, and lived for three months in the settlement of Petah Tikva, then moved to Tel Aviv, where he worked in a carbonated water factory owned by B and continued to work there until November 1939. During this period, he had joined the Irgun through his friend Arbeh Itzhaki (a terrorist, killed in 1939 as a result of the explosion of a time bomb he was about to detonate). He was arrested with thirty-seven other Zionists on charges of secret training, possession of unlicensed weapons, and suspected affiliation with terrorist organizations. He was sentenced to ten years in prison, reduced to seven, of which he served 36 months, then the Mandate government released him in January 1942. In September of the same year he volunteered in the British Army, and worked in Egypt in the Field Surveying Division No. 534 in the mill, then was assigned as a translator in the Sicily invasion teams, and participated in In the commando squad that participated in the conquest of Italy and Jabir, he was considered one of the toughest Stern Auda group, the culture, and the most extremist of them. He was highly skilled and was fluent in several languages: Italian, Russian, Polish, German, Shalekhit, and Hebrew, and he always spoke French. He was also respected by his fellow soldiers, as he was studying modern methods of secret movements in Yugoslavia and Italy, and sent to the General Command Center of the Stern Gang in Palestine the latest information about it and personally trained his fellow members on it. So, when he was talking about 125 - -... . < - 125

While the terrorists were saying unequivocally “we are the warriors,” his colleague Stetner used to say, “they are the warriors,” a pun and camouflaging. He hid a wireless device in Cairo with a Jewish girl named Sarah Amado, who was living in Al-Falaki Street in Bab Al-Louk, in preparation for his surreptitious smuggling to Palestine. Cairo, during the trial of Moen, the killers Eliyahu Hakim and Elyahubit is a Syrian. He spent most of the time in Albert Straselsky’s office. He was able to obtain from him a copy of Hakim’s defense and a Syrian judge. He secretly sent it to the gang’s center in Palestine. He also carried with him upon his return all the newspapers and magazines that were issued in Cairo and which were published in Cairo. The news of the case contained Aryeh Koretsky Arbie, and Yeats was attached to the gang members by Gebran Koretsky, who in turn was of Polish origin with intelligence, wit, and a great deal of culture. 126 _

He transferred his terrorist activity there and found in Ismailia a wider scope for obtaining and smuggling weapons stolen from British forces. He also supervised the process of smuggling the secret Stern Bulletin “Al Khazit” and distributing it to the recruits and the Zionists of the Egyptian Jews. And he was giving enthusiastic speeches at the celebrations in memory of Jabotinsky, and he also participated in the operations of stealing weapons from the camps and transporting them to Palestine. The members of the gang in Egypt were not only Jewish soldiers who came to them, but also included Egyptian elements such as Henry Strossman, Rafael Sado-Fisky, Henry Strossman and Henry Strossman. He was working in the French press in Egypt, and participated in the editing of the newspapers “Al-Watan” d “Egypt No Ville” and “Caravan”, and signed his articles in the name of Henry Sass. Steiner, Turn to Extremism, Join the Stern Group, and Volunteer at 128

The British army, and the gang took his residence on Fahmy Street and his wife’s library on Queen Farida Street as a cache of weapons. He was born in Cairo in 1914 and received his university education in Egypt and worked as a language teacher in Egyptian schools. In fact, he was the focus of the Stern gang in Egypt - he has a Zionist history and he started his activities early since 1937, when he embraced Zionist principles, and joined the branch of H. Battar’s organization and the Zionist branch During that time he was a member of Jewish groups and organizations such as the Maccabean - he traveled to Montpellier in France in 1931 to study and there he was elected vice-president of the Jewish Student Association, which included more than 600 members of different nationalities. When he returned to Egypt in 1933, he established Alberster Aselsky, a branch of the Revisionist Party, was the second or third who joined it with a fervent Zionist inclination and took over the general secretariat of the branch during the Second World War in late 1943. Sadovsky got acquainted with many Jewish recruits, among whom were some terrorists, including Joseph Stetner. He met Steiner for the first time at Madame Jankovi?'s house, Nubar Street +-129

Pasha . Then at the Israeli Soldiers Club on Fouad I Street, where the relationship between them strengthened after Strossman nominated him to join Stern, and his joining was gradual. Steiner assigned him some work, such as distributing and then delivering weapons and explosives, as well as delivering messages exchanged between the Stern-Khazet bulletin for the gang members to keep, and after Sadovsky passed these tests, he became the only civilian in Stern. Straselsky was a first-class Zionist, and one of the most loyal Jews to the idea of establishing a national homeland in Palestine. The membership of the Stern gang was not limited to men only, but it included a group of girls, most of whom were female soldiers, including: Yaffa Greenberg, a tall, sassy, blonde girl who used to work as a driver in the female soldiers’ squad at the Great Hill. .. She was known for her extensive activity in serving the gang's goals - she accompanied Eliyahu Hakim several times to inspect the site of a house, as she used to accompany him when he was training to shoot in the Pyramids desert, and he used to block her accompaniment, taking from her a cover in his suspicious tours so that Lord Moine would not be exposed . . . 130

Jaffa, which takes the nom de guerre of him and Yehudit, was a link between the leadership of the gang and its members in Egypt. When Stetner was arrested in an attempt to blow up the Arab League conference in Alexandria, then he was released, she sent a message with one of her colleagues to the gang center that read: Dr. Ben-Zifi was sick, and now he is going The role of convalescence ... This short message meant - according to the secret victim codes - that Stenner had been arrested, imprisoned and released. He is now under surveillance and should not be contacted by anyone. Ruth Grosbard was an educated girl with a diploma from the Tel Aviv Higher School of Commerce. Her activity is mostly in the city of Alexandria, where she worked in Camp Loran and was inserted among the Jewish conscripts in their clubs in the city, promoting the ideas of the injured Ada Leibovitz came with Ruth in the same camp. Zionism joined the “Ben Yehuda” club, then the “Battar” group, and the Maccabi Club.. Stanner uses it to deliver messages to the members of the victim. Hasia Laurie was in Cairo, and she was one of the most important members, recruited to Hood and the Zionist Movement - 9-4-131 13144

She is of Lithuanian origin and was distinguished by her poise, calmness, and quick wit. Steiner used her as his secretary. She was fully aware of all the gang's plans in Egypt, and participated in collecting weapons and explosives, and she was transporting them in army cars that she was driving. She was also distributing the gang's bulletins to its members in Cairo - Levsha Yanukovych Steen A woman who came to Egypt, along with these female Jewish recruits from Fils to work as a civilian in the British forces, participated in an activity, and she made her home on Nubar Pasha Street a center for the meetings of the extremist Zionist wings, which is Levsha. In her home, Sadovsky turned to the terrorist Yankovic gang, and Dr. Altman held a dangerous meeting with extremists and supporters. The New Zionist Organization We have already mentioned how much she volunteered in and during her stay in Egypt with her husband, the English Red Cross, and did not hesitate to practice her hidden activity among the Jewish soldiers. She took over her secretariat and was translating her Hebrew correspondence into French. She was also a member of the “World Zionist Organization of Women” and Madame Jangovich had a suspicious relationship with the intelligence (..!

She is of Lithuanian origin and was distinguished by her poise, calmness, and quick wit. Steiner used her as his secretary. She was fully aware of all the gang's plans in Egypt, and participated in collecting weapons and explosives, and she was transporting them in army cars that she was driving. She was also distributing the gang's bulletins to its members in Cairo - Levsha Yanukovych Steen A woman who came to Egypt, along with these female Jewish recruits from Fils to work as a civilian in the British forces, participated in an activity, and she made her home on Nubar Pasha Street a center for the meetings of the extremist Zionist wings, which is Levsha. In her home, Sadovsky turned to the terrorist Yankovic gang, and Dr. Altman held a dangerous meeting with extremists and supporters. The New Zionist Organization We have already mentioned how much she volunteered in and during her stay in Egypt with her husband, the English Red Cross, and did not hesitate to practice her hidden activity among the Jewish soldiers. She took over her secretariat and was translating her Hebrew correspondence into French, as she was a member of the “World Zionist Organization of Women” and Madame Jangovich had a suspicious relationship with the intelligence (133

Chapter Five The Rise of Terror and the Assassination of the Lords 135 135

Six months before Eliyahu Hakim arrived in Egypt, that is, in early 1944, Joseph Stetner met an enthusiastic young Zionist, Raphael Sadovsky, and asked him to look for a furnished room to accommodate two people coming from Palestine. Sadovsky replied that this was a problem that was difficult to solve because of the housing crisis that was sweeping Cairo. Steiner kept repeating this request to him every time he met him, until he finally gave up. However, after a while, on Wednesday, August 23, 1944, at about 7:30 pm, while Sadovsky was passing in front of the door of the club Jewish soldiers on Fouad I Street, July 26, a soldier from the Stern gang met him, his face covered with traces of smallpox.. This soldier ran towards him in great eagerness, and reminded him that he was looking for him and luckily he found him suddenly and Sadovsky asked him about the reason, he answered him curtly That there is an appointment at eight o'clock in a café, Neubar »in the Opera Square, and Sadovsky did not want to ask for more information, as he remembered that Stanner when he introduced him to this soldier, I understood that he would be a link between him and another member .. 136

He immediately realized that the interview was orchestrated by Joseph Stenner, and a matter related to the activities of the Stern gang in Egypt, and they sat with him in relation. Sadovsky walked in silence with this soldier to the cafe, and there he headed to the naval hall overlooking the two corners of the Opera Square and Adly Pasha Street, where he saw a tall young man Dark brown sitting alone and sipping a cup, they came to him and shook him from tea for a third of an hour, during which he spoke to them in clear earnestness without rushing, and with apparent reservation, and in a calm manner that left Sadovsky not knowing much about him, and all he could catch was that this person had come the previous day From Palestine, accompanied by the soldier who introduced him to him, and that Joseph Stetner would come to Cairo during the next few days, and he instructed that Sadovsky be in constant contact with this person. That the three of them split up, Hakim said that he would visit this café twice a day: at half past twelve in the afternoon, and half past six in the evening the next day. So that the next one cannot discern him. In this meeting, Hakim Sadovsky told that he was assigned to stay away from the places frequented by Jews, especially soldiers, for fear that someone would recognize him and he hoped that he would . ** 137

He constantly visits the Jewish Soldiers Club on Fouad I Street, and searches for messages that are attached to the club's board. Perhaps an important message will reach him. Sadovsky informed him of the time of Steiner's return, so they promised to meet on the following Tuesday at two o'clock in the afternoon in front of a metro cinema to meet him there at the appointed time Hakim and Sado Fesky stood in front of the cinema waiting for Steiner, and after ten minutes they saw him jogging from the direction of Ismailia Square (Tahrir), and he apologized to them for his delay, as he had just arrived from Alexandria in an English military car, and the three of them walked on the road.. For the first time he knew Sado Fesky from Stener The nom de guerre of this dark young man is “Cohen.” Sadovsky did not know the names of the two real killers until after Lord Moyne’s murder, arrest, and their confession. As for Hakim and Bit Syrian, they knew Sadovsky’s name and address from the Presidency of the victim, before they arrived from Palestine and the three walked to the “Alban Astra” shop. » In Ismailia Square, where Hasia Laurie was waiting for them, and at the beginning of the session, Hasia asked to be excused from working in the gang. But before she answered, Hakim said in a harsh tone: Resigning from the group’s membership is impossible, and Hasia replied : - 138

I have done my duty to the fullest, one is that after accepting my resignation, I will not open my growth, which is impossible to order in our own way.. Whoever insists on withdrawing, we will take over, and then Stenner intervened, addressing the conversation to Hakim: Leave her, and we will manage her later. The girl stood silently on those who were seated and asked for permission.. to leave, and Sado Feski knew the secret behind her desire to separate from the gang. The girl loved a soldier and agreed with him to marry, and this soldier suggested that she resign from the British army, to build a future nest together. In this session, he seemed wise For the first time, he reveals the secret of his presence in Cairo. He was charged with a dangerous, very dangerous mission. The leadership of the gang issued a death sentence for Lord Moyne, and entrusted him with carrying out the sentence with another member of the injured member of the Younger Sadovsky Fah, and he wondered, in great astonishment, about the reason for issuing this The decision, and before Hakim began to answer, Steiner said: Hakim will explain the reasons for you. moi n in particular as the one responsible - 139

British policy in the Middle East, and it is he who directs the anti-Jewish policy in Palestine and was the cause of what happened to the steamer Struma (1). Sadovsky expressed his fears of carrying out the crime on Egyptian lands, fearing that this would lead to the pursuit of the Zionists and their detection in Egypt. As soon as the victim committed an act of violence and terrorism, she used to announce immediately, and with complete defiance, that she had committed it, and this happened with all the actions carried out by the gang before, such as the attempt to assassinate Sir MacMichael, the British High Commissioner in Palestine. When Sadovsky said, that Lord Moyen travels from time to time to Palestine, so why shouldn't he turn there? Hakim said, "Lord Mowen only spends short periods in Palestine, during which it is difficult to prepare for committing a crime and planning an assassination takes a long time, as you know!" Before they parted ways, Stener ordered Sadovsky to be completely silent, to keep his mouth shut and not to say anything, and told him that he had managed to arrange a room for Hakim (1). Palestine . Lord Marin was a member at the time of the British Ministry and a supervisor of Palestine affairs. The ship was ordered not to disembark until the British government investigates the matter. But she soon separated who was on her, and she is waiting for her permission. The Zionists have blamed Lord Hoyen for the drowning of the Jewish immigrants.. for obstructing the decision on their anchoring on the shore for a long time ..-140

Copies of the crime threads At three o'clock in the afternoon of the next day (August 30, 1940), Hakim Westner and Sadovsky met in the same café “Astra” and from there they took a tram to Qasr Al-Aini Street, and at the Al Nabatat Street station near the Garden City neighborhood, they left the tram and then walked towards A closer look at the office of the British Secretary of State, the Lord, did not draw attention, and in a few moments, two quarters realized that the building looked like a military barracks, the security around it was tight, and in front of its door were heavily armed soldiers, and around it was high barbed wire, and the street in which lies a narrow, long street, full of movement, and near it was land A space used as a parking lot, and when Steiner indicated that it was impossible to assassinate Lord Moyne in this place, Hakim became angry and said: . The word “impossible” does not exist in the gang’s dictionary. Then he added: “Let us go and inspect the place where the British Minister of State lives and lock the three back on foot, until they reached the Nile Corniche, from the side of Qasr al-Nil, Numidan - 141

Ismailia, and from it to Suleiman Pasha Street, then to Fouad the First Street and from Fouad the First Street, they took tram number 150 » heading to the Zamalek neighborhood and Steiner had obtained the address of Lord Moyne’s house, which is No. 4 Hassan Sabry Street and near it they got off the tram, and headed to On the side of the house, the house consisted of a “villa” of two floors, surrounded by a wide walled garden, and on its outer door was a marble sign in the name of “Adas,” the famous Jewish merchant, the owner of the villa, who rented it to the Lord. The three noted that the house is guarded by only one policeman, and near it A large vacant lot is part of the island's horse-racing club, and the street is wide and wide, almost as quiet as the graves. Steiner decided that the place was suitable in every way to commit murder, and suggested that Hakim disguise himself in the clothes of a shoe-scanner. And he holds in his hand a box containing high explosive materials such as dynamite, for example, and throws it at the entrance to the villa when the lord enters or leaves it. The most prestigious neighborhoods of the city are visited by shoe-sweepers, and the appearance of one in this place inevitably raises suspicion and suspicion, and the three departed, and on their way back, Steiner told Sadovsky that he would return to Alexandria the same night, and he hoped that ..142

In the service of Hakim and to act on his requests, and when Sadovsky, in turn, told Lesnar that he might travel to Alexandria to spend several days of his summer vacation with his family, he asked him to call him as soon as he arrived at the Jewish Soldiers Club on Prophet Daniel Street, which he frequents every night. He finds it. He must find Hurochon Horovitch, whom Sadovsky knew. During the first twenty days of September 1944, Sadovsky traveled to Alexandria, two or three times, and each time he carried with him a letter from a sage who delivered it hand in hand to Stenner in Alexandria, and came back with Stenner's reply to it. In Alexandria, Steiner asked Sadovsky to deny that he informs Hakim of the necessity of taking care of his task, of avoiding public meetings, and of minimizing his outings. Indeed, Hakim did not waste his time in vain every morning, watching the road taken by Lord Moyne's car from his residence on Hassan Sabry Street to his office on Al Nabatat Street in the neighborhood Garden City, across the Qasr El Nil Bridge, reading the newspapers, and in the evening he was sitting in the Neubar Café and waiting for Sadovsky, perhaps there were news or letters he would bring to him. Sadovsky's house at three in the afternoon. One of the gang members, Arbih Koretsky, handed this Koretsky to Sadovsky a small military bag containing two pistols, and asked him to hand it over to the person who is now in Cairo.. (He was referring, of course, to Eliyahu Hakim, though ..

He never mentioned his name, and before he left, he hoped to make it easy for him, if possible, to meet this person in Cairo, before he returned to Ismailia by the quarterly train before six in the evening. Sadovsky was standing on the main road, in front of the Neubar Café, waiting for Hakim to arrive as usual. At this time and at quarter past six, he saw him stepping from afar, so he walked up to him, and told him that the “message” he was waiting for had arrived, and that they should now go straight and quickly to the Iron Gate station to meet Koritsky, who had brought it, and so they took a taxi to it. On the platform of the train heading to Ismailia, Koritsky was in spirit, and when they approached him, Hakim stepped aside and spoke in a low voice for several minutes until the station bell rang, signaling the start of the train's movement. The family members went together to hand him the “message.” Hakim welcomed and took the bus to Ismailia Square. At Sadovsky’s residence, he took out the military bag, which he was hiding in a special cupboard, and wanted to wrap it in a newspaper, lest someone suspect Hakim if he was seen carrying it. On the way, he was wearing civilian clothes, but Hakeem grabbed the bag, took out the two pistols, hid them on both sides under his jacket, wrapped the bag in the newspaper, picked it up, bid farewell to Sadovsky and left .. 144

Training and anticipation The Hebrew New Year holiday, which fell on September 25, 1944, was a favorable opportunity for the gang members to meet in Cairo. As the British army used to give Jewish recruits two days leave on this occasion, and female soldiers three days to go to Cairo for this reason, many of them, and on the day of the feast, gathered in Astra Café, at half past one in the afternoon, many members of the Stern gang: Joseph Stetner, Eliyahu Hakim, Ruth Grossard, Jaffa Greenberg, and Rafael Sadowski. This was the first time that Jaffa's sage had met Greenberg, and Ruth Grossiard, and also the first time that Sadovsky had seen Ruth Grosbard, and they chatted, and discussed important issues. Steiner assigned Ruth Grosbard to accompany Hakim to see Lord Moyen's villa. He also agreed with Jaffa Greenberg to meet Hakim. In the afternoon of the following day, she accompanied him in turn for another inspection of the villa, and when the meeting ended, and they had agreed to meet the next day.. Hakim and Ruth Grosbard went to Zamalek - 145

To have lunch with him at his house, while Sadovsky invited Jaffa Greenberg, and Stetner left. In the morning, Hakim, Wittner, Yana, and Sadovsky reunited at the Isaevich Café in Ismailia Square. They were in high spirits. They all seemed optimistic and happy. And this notebook was in the name of Samuel Bornstein. Hakim entered the Egyptian country under the name of his owner, and the purpose of the meeting this morning was to accompany Hakim to the Pyramids desert to be trained in the use of a pistol and hand grenades, which he hid in a wrapper with him. In the desert behind the pyramids, Hakim proved that he had a superior ability to hit the target and that he was still one of the most skilled members of the gang and the best at archery. Sadovsky kept meeting Hakim, almost every day, however. He was ignorant of the place where he lived, and on October 6, Sadovsky was returning after midnight from Farouk Street (currently the army) after he had reached 4.. - 146

One of his friends went to her house after they left the cinema and met with Hakim, who was walking alone heading to Farouk Street, and then Sadovsky realized that he was residing in this area, but Hakim, as soon as he saw him, cut the road, and walked towards him quickly, and saluted him, and before giving him a chance to inquire. On the reason for his presence in this place, he suggested that he accompany him on his way back, and he claimed that he needed to walk so that he could sleep, but in fact he was trying to hide from Sadovsky his place of residence, and in fact he locked him back to Suleiman Pasha Square, then they separated. - .1 - Jews and the Zionist movement . 147

The Awaited Meeting The period from October 5 to 20 passed on Hakim, heavy, slow, and anxiety began to build up in himself and he seemed to be compelled to grumble... His colleague's arrival from Palestine was late, and his money was about to evaporate, and it seems that Steiner had sensed what Hakim had gone through and wanted to raise his morale. He instructed Jaffa Greenberg, when she came from this October, to invite him to a dancer's night at his Ismailia Gropi place in Suleiman Pasha Square, to entertain and entertain him. On Friday, October 20, 1944, the telephone rang in Sadovsky's house at about four o'clock in the afternoon, and the speaker was a voice He doesn't know him, and he said in Hebrew, Are you Rafael Sadovsky? - Yes, I have arrived this morning in Cairo, and I want to see you, and Sadovsky immediately realized that the speaker was a long-awaited sage colleague, who had received word before that he was about to arrive - - ... . .. 148

This newcomer asked him to wait for him on Imad al-Din Street, on the corner of the Davis Green Building, at the bottom of Singer's watch.. He asked Sadovsky how he recognized him in this place, and he answered: I wear a military uniform and have a yellow mustache: I will carry a small military bag on my back, and in my hand The right-hand newspaper and under Sadovsky hurried his steps to the meeting place, exactly the hour he saw a soldier bearing the same descriptions that he specified in his conversation. They greeted each other, and the soldier said: When can I meet my colleague? The third, and the clock at that time was four, and Sadovsky replied: - Two hours later, and until the time for the meeting, the two went to the beauty shop on Adly Street for refreshments. The soldier noticed that this shop was located opposite the synagogue of the Jews and his eyes were long at the temple and those who frequent it, so Sado Feski suggested to him to go to visit it.. The soldier got up and entered the temple, then returned shortly after and at half past six they left the beauty shop, Yesha Sadovsky to go directly to meet Hakim In Imad El-Din's Café, he even made him wait in front of Diana's cinema, and why did he go alone to surprise Hakim by saying: - He has arrived ... -149

And Hakim understood what Sadovsky meant, and he stood up with a smile on his face and walked together until they reached the door of the cinema, and the place was crowded with cinema-goers at that time, and Sadovsky took the opportunity and gave each other a gesture of his hand, without saying a word, for he was ignorant of the name of the intruder. At the same time, he preferred not to mention the name of his owner, Cohen (Hakim), and Hakim asked his colleague if he was a real army soldier, and he replied negatively. The three crossed the lane connecting Diana Cinema and Fouad the First Street, and headed to the Americans' store on Imad El-Din Street. Immediately all means, and then Sadovsky decided to withdraw and leave them together. It was seven o’clock, and the three agreed to meet the next day in the upper floor of the “The Americans” store. Al Tawfiqia » modest in the commercial corridor, between Madli Street and Fouad Al Awal, where he used to eat cheap meals since his arrival in Cairo, and he shared the food with his colleague .. 150

--- At Ali Hassan Al-Hati restaurant behind Chicorel stores, on the appointed time, Sadovsky met with Hakim and his colleague Eliyahu Pet Suri, who was this time wearing civilian clothes. The three interviews were repeated in the same place and at the same time.. Sadovsky understood from his two colleagues that they frequented the Zamalek neighborhood several times. In order to inspect the house of Lord Moyne, in preparation for the execution of the crime, and on one occasion, a Syrian bit wondered, with interest, whether the British Minister of State had a residence other than his house in Zamalek, as he noticed while walking in Al Haram Street the Lord’s car was heading to a house there, and then Sadovsky remembered that the Minister of State The former Briton, Mr. Casey, was actually living on Haram Street. He said that Lord Moyen may have kept his predecessor's residence to spend the weekend in, although after two days - that is, on the 25th of October - his suspicions were removed from Syria when it was confirmed to him as a result of intense observation that Lord Moyne actually lived in a "Villa Adas" on Hassan Sabry Street in Zamalek But on this day he was surprised while reading the newspaper “The Egyptian Gazette” with the news of Lord Moyen’s travel to Athens due to the turmoil that occurred in Greece, and there was no longer any escape from waiting for his return * 151

The hours passed slowly and heavy, but the time did not take long. After three or four days, i.e., on the 29th of October, the “Egyptian Gazette” published two news stories, which were of special importance to the story of Souri. The British Foreign Office at that time passed through Cairo the night before on his way back from Athens to London and at this last news, a Syrian man’s eyes shone, he raised his eyebrows and straightened in his seat and hit his hand on his thigh while shouting “What a chance! In a burning eagerness behind the opportunity that slipped away: - How I wish I would have killed Anthony Eden instead of Lord Moyne.. Eden is heavier in the balance of British ruling powers than Moyen.. He is the one who draws the lines of foreign policy and is directly responsible for the British White Book. Sadovsky, during the period from October 21 to November 1944, would meet daily with Hakim and Bett Suri between two and five in the afternoon at Port Fouad Café on Fouad I Street, where they used to go after lunch to kill time playing backgammon. Sadovsky pointed out Speaking once that he has .. 152

Until this moment, Hakim and a Syrian pet have not contacted anyone in Egypt except Sado Faski. It seems that the plan had woven its threads and matured, and there was nothing left but implementation, so a Syrian must have carried with him from Palestine the final instructions set by the head of the gang.. and there is no longer but the timing of the killing The one who left his command to him, and when Sado Feski felt that the crime was imminent, he asked his two colleagues to notify him at least two or three days before committing it in order to prepare to hide or execute all his publications, pamphlets and magazines that could be related to the gang and the decisive moment came soon, on Friday November 3, they told him that they decided to implement but did not specify the exact date .. ... 154

One last conversation about the crime While Sadovsky was sitting with Hakim and Pete Suri in the Port Fouad Café on the afternoon of November 5, watching them play backgammon together, Pete Suri answered him, calmly, and with complete confidence: Tomorrow, at three o'clock in the afternoon, we will be Hakim and I. Outside Cairo, Hakim continued his colleague’s talk: The day after tomorrow we will be in Palestine and Sadovsky was certain that the end of Lord Moines would be on the next day “November 6” and that they would finish it before three o’clock in the afternoon and they would leave Cairo by another means other than the Palestine train, which runs from Cairo station at six in the evening and after Little, a Syrian bit asked Sadovsky to show them a place where they would leave their civilian clothes, until he was able to send them to Palestine, so they decided to return in the military uniform with which they infiltrated into the Egyptian country. Sadovsky recalled a flower shop on Tanneries Street, “Sherif Pasha now” he used to deal with. ...which is 1 - .155

The flower shop remains open all day after they leave the coffee! And he told them that he would guide them to Sadovsky's question, Pet Suri if there was a danger threatening them, expressing his fear that they would be arrested when they committed the accident. Pet Suri answered him in a confident name: This is a small possibility, no more than 2 bz. Then he looked at him calmly and added in a reprimanded tone: Trust that we will not We will reveal your name under any circumstances, and he says in pride: - The gang should extend its activities to London to track down Mr. Churchill himself. After my return, I will suggest this to the presidency, but peace of mind did not find its way to the heart of Sado-Fesky. His questions followed in a tense tone and anxious longing to know the fate of his two colleagues, and their chance to escape, after the assassination of the Lord, but Hakeem answered curtly, ending the conversation in a sharp voice, as if he had made a decision: - We arranged everything and the three left the café, on their way to Al-Danabigh Street. Sadovsky pointed at them with his finger at the flower shop, so that they would leave a wrap of their civilian clothes in it, and then he said goodbye to them warmly, and wished them success. It was ten thirty in the evening in Kara as usual, and he left his house at eight in the morning, heading to - 1 (..156

Tannery Street and entered the flower shop .. After the seller exchanged some friendly and courteous words, he asked him to prepare for him, then he passed by him in the afternoon to take it and advanced towards the door, and suddenly he stopped as if he had forgotten something and then turned around to say to the seller in tenderness and shyness: I hope, if an English soldier brings you a scroll in my name, you will keep it with you, and I will take it when I come back to you in the afternoon, and before he hears the seller’s reply, he has turned again and taken a quick step to the Coptic School on the wide Al-Darb Street, to take the morning lesson in French at one o’clock And half Sadovsky left the Coptic School to resume his work at Victoria College in Shubra, which usually begins at two o'clock in the afternoon. On his way to Shubra, he went to a buffet in front of Studio Misr cinema on Emad El-Din Street, where he ate a snack. Sado Fasiki left Victoria College at about four after the end of his studies, eager to know the news, and went directly to the flower shop on Tanneries Street, and arrived at half past four.. A bouquet of carnations was waiting for him, so he instructed one of the boys to take it to a friend's house near the shop and asked the seller, pretending not to care whether the British soldier had passed by. Sadowsky felt that he had been hit on the head almost unconscious, but he regained his nerve, and tried - .. 157

To control his feelings, he gathered his strength and left, with pain and amazement in his eyes, confusion and terror on his face, as if he had suddenly fallen into the deepest depths, and he tried to convince himself that the lack of time might have prevented Hakim Bett Suri from passing through the shop, after their assassination of the British Minister of State, or perhaps they got rid of Sadovsky immediately went to the newspaper seller and asked him for a copy of the evening newspaper “Al Borsa”, but the newspaper had not yet arrived, despite the fact that the hour was pointing to five and he walked on his way without guidance, and whenever he came across one of the Newspaper sellers rushed to Sadovsky asking him about it until someone told him: The newspaper was late today, due to an important accident, the killing of the Minister of Supply in Transjordan, and Sadovsky could not control the faint smile on his face, so the crime has occurred! . At six and ten minutes, the newspaper “The Egyptian Gazette” appeared in the market, and Sadovsky bought it and was dismayed to find in its chest the news of the assault on Lord Moyne and the arrest of the killers. He kept swimming in a very hot fever, during which thoughts danced in the dark

And he regained in the moments of all the events, and all the possibilities that he could encounter appeared before him, and he sensed the dangers and the means of defense required and expected the worst circumstances, but he felt his complete inability to confront them, and suddenly collapsed in front of him his world that he had imagined full of glory, heroism and happiness, and all that successive series of things was destroyed. Adventures and successive processions on the road to victory.. He came back to himself to find his feet and they led him to the well-being office, and it was half past eight after Straselski. Quick and urgent glances at the hundreds of papers and pamphlets that were filling the room, and from time to time some of them were torn and thrown into the trash. The eminent then presented to Sadovsky the text of a telegram of condolence, which he had written and intended to send to the British Embassy, declaring him as General Commissar of the Politburo of the Zionist Organization Dida, his denunciation of this brutal crime, and Sadovsky did not find anything to say, the situation was too dangerous for a conversation to revolve around it. All that matters is that Straselsky agreed to send the telegram .”

And he left.. to his home, where he spent a hard night in which his eyes did not see sleep, and the next morning the newspapers came out with the details of the arrest of the two offenders, and two pictures of them. Sadovsky, when he saw the pictures of his two colleagues, could not stand on his feet, his throat dried up, and he felt that a thick rope was pressing violently on his neck with him. She counts his body, and sweat pours down his forehead... Minutes before he gets his nerve and thinks calmly... The best thing to hide is to swallow his fear in his stomach and pass and pretend that nothing happened and go to work as usual .. 160

The early morning visitor, at half past six, on Thursday morning, rang the doorbell in Sadovsky’s residence.. The father woke up and went out running, searching for the knocker. He was a soldier who came asking about his son Raphael. He told his son Sadovsky of his father's revolution, and he went out to visit and found him a young man of medium height, slim body, chestnut hair, clean shaven mustache, bronze in colour, speaking a mixture of German and Hebrew. Palestine to carry instructions for him from his superior, Joseph Satner, and Sadovsky feared that this soldier had trampled on him to make him fall into a trap. The hadith is frank and clear, and the soldier said that he attended for two things: the first: to assure him that the killers would definitely not confess to him .. 161

And if the authorities summoned him for investigation, he must deny his knowledge of the killers in the first place or that he had any connection with them, except that Sadowski replied, saying: But I was seen a lot, and the soldier replied reassuringly: With them, that is not enough to convict you and bring you to trial. Then he told Sadowsky that he had previously been accused in similar circumstances. And in view of his insistence on denial, he was released for lack of evidence. As for the second matter: It is to retrieve the military clothes that Hakim and a Syrian family left in their home at the time that they went to commit the crime and retrieve the two exchange books that the two killers used to infiltrate into Egypt and what papers they might have. The soldier added: I will go straight to the house where they were staying, and before he leaves, he sees some newspapers on the table that have pictures of the killers, so he picks them up. He said to Sadovsky: “Get away from these newspapers, drive out fear from your mind. Don’t think of anything.” With this, something is impossible. It is difficult for him to drop fears from his account and he does not get rid of them easily.. Days passed, and the investigations with the killers were taking place, without coming to Sado Faski mentioned, and all that was revealed by the prosecution and court investigations - 1 .. .. 162

The crimes, which were headed by Counselor Mahmoud Mansour, said that the two killers, Hakim and Bit Syrian, rented two bikes on the morning of November 6, and that they set out towards Zamalek, where Lord Moyen's villa is located. They stood by the outer door of the villa's garden, waiting in front, each with his pistol, and they agreed that Eliyahu Hakim would shoot Lord Moyne, while Eliyahu Bet Suri would monitor the operation, until his colleague finished carrying out the assassination, and if necessary, let the other go. The lord's fire, be ready. At about one o'clock in the afternoon, the lord's car came, driven by the Umbashi "Arthur Fuller" and sitting next to him, Captain Hughes Enslow, your lord. While the Lord was sitting in the back seat, and to his left his private secretary, Dorothy Osmond, and when the Lord's car stopped in front of the door of the villa, the two killers left the bicycles on the sidewalk and got in behind the car. Captain Hughes Inslow had left the car and hurried to the door of the villa to open it. Then the driver Fuller got off and went around the car to open the door for the lord. Then the two killers approached the car, pointing out their pistols.. They ordered the driver and the yawar who was standing at the door of the villa to lie down on the ground, and not move after that. Quickly, Eliyahu Hakim opened the back door of the car, and pointed his gun at the lord sitting on the car. He was in his seat and shot him with three bullets that hit him in the chest and neck, and when he did better, Fuller said that the driver, Fuller, was trying to approach him, he shot him with three bullets, killing him at once and at the moment 163-11 - Jews and the Zionist movement . .163

Hours As for the Lord, the three bullets that Hakim fired in his chest and neck, did not kill him immediately, but he died after he was taken to the hospital. Turn right to Jabaliya Street and then on winding roads, until they reached Fouad the First Street, then to Fouad Al-Awal Bridge, Zamalek Bridge. He saw two people riding two bicycles out of the lord's house.. He also heard the sound of bullets. The lord's cook was in the kitchen, after lunch. He hurried out, when Dorothy Osmond, who was in a very hysterical state, told him that the two perpetrators fled and the cook ran quickly to catch up with the killers. So a driver working in the house next door met him, and told him that he saw two people coming out of the garden door, and they were walking in the tribal direction, so the cook followed them, but the road in front of him was empty and the cook turned back, in the direction of the villa, and there he found the honest constable. Abdullah, guide him to the cat and the driver of the house next door on the side where the two killers walked on bikes - .. 164

The two terrorists were arrested and executed, and the Constable hurried in the direction they had described to him. He was able to catch up with the killers on the "Fouad the First" bridge from the eastern side, and they were looking after them, so he ordered them to stop, but they did not comply with the order. When the Constable insisted on that, one of them shot the tire of the motorcycle, intending to prevent him from following them, but they did not succeed in that, and the bullets continued, and one of them hit a car. After he took his weapon from him, Eliyahu Hakim was pursued by the Constable until he caught up with him, and a passerby managed to stop him, then took the weapon from him, and took him back to where his colleague was to take them to the police station .. Then to the prosecution, the criminal court admitted that the two accused had committed the accident However, they did not reveal their partners, and before the trial proceedings were completed, a Syrian woman stood up to deliver a political defense, which the court prevented from being published or broadcast, in which he said : ... *** 1-165

I will explain the motives that prompted me to commit the crime and I would like to take you back a few years, and I remember that nine or ten years ago I was standing on the roof of my father’s house in Tel Aviv watching the road. And I understood from my young friends who were with me that this was a demonstration. The scene was actually fun for a ten-year-old boy. Suddenly I saw a number of policemen, some of them Jews and some of the English, surprising the demonstrators while they were carrying sticks and trying to disperse them by force, and I saw an English policeman beating one of the demonstrators. A question came into my mind at once, and I did not find an answer at the time: Why does a person leave his homeland and his family and move away from them five thousand kilometers to work as a policeman in my country? ! Days passed and I realized that my country was under British rule, and over the years, I realized that my country was a game in the hands of a foreign government, which the League of Nations had decided, according to what was called international law, as its mandate to rule it, after it promised to establish a national home for the Jews. But instead of carrying out what was entrusted to it, it took the expansion of its influence in Palestine in the worst way that could rule, which is still ruled by the country until now, and the government and its interests are still not performing any useful work. It has no aim but to continue the English rule of the country.. Injustice, nepotism and cruelty prevailed everywhere and mute some examples : .. » > .. ..166

And when the war was declared, the government issued a law obligating every Palestinian to sell to the government what he had of gold coins. Soon after, the government put the gold it had bought in the market at four times its price. At the same time, the government announced that it was against greedy merchants who take advantage of the conditions of war. But when a poor merchant in Tel Aviv sells a commodity at a price he will receive, exceeding the specified price by half a penny, he shall be punished with a fine and imprisonment for several months. Does this law apply to the government? And that Palestine is full of creative minds and its residents seek progress and progress, but they do not find help from the government departments that are run by the English who do not respond to advice and imagine that their word is the law and that the situation in Palestine reminds me of the book of the great writer Jack London - The Wolf of the Seas. The ship he was on, and he kept swimming until a ship picked him up and he imagined that this was his salvation and the end of his pain, but on the other hand, that was only the beginning of his troubles for him. The ship that saved him was nothing but the state of its laws, and these laws are the muscles of the captain. Everyone on board the ship must obey his orders. He is a tyrannical, cruel man, with no mercy in his heart, and no one can argue with his orders that his muscles make the law, and in Palestine, the muscles of the police make the law, and I assure you that the behavior of the British government in Palestine is worse than the behavior of this mighty captain . . ....167

e. If the policemen assaulted a Palestinian youth of eighteen until he dies, as they did in 1939 with the Jewish young man Menachem Brecht in the streets of Jerusalem, that was the law. If the English officer, Maronnon, broke into a house and killed two members of the Stern group, as happened three years ago. In House No. 30, Eyes I Survived Street, Tel Aviv, that was the law. If this officer deliberately and premeditatedly killed Abraham Stern while he was unarmed, and took the only witness and threw her in the women’s prison in Bethlehem, then this is the law • E. The law applies to the people, but it does not It applies to the police and more than this. The investigation police use the latest scientific methods of torture, and when foreign newspapers correspondents confronted the Secretary General of the Government of Palestine with these facts, they were forced to do so. And when he asked him to form a committee to investigate it, he insisted on the refusal • • Why? ! • Isn't it in the interest of every government to prove to its citizens that it is the best government that performs its duty.. but the government of Palestine refuses to form such a committee because it knows the validity of what it denies. I did not have a visit to England, this country whose sons are fighting all over the world for freedom, this country In which the “Magna Carta” was issued, but I remember a word that a colleague of mine said during his trial in Palestine, he said that the English creation is a double creation that brings together .. the Englishman in his country may be a gentleman, the two extremes 168

True, like Dr. Jekyll, but as soon as he leaves his country and goes to the colonies and sips the cup of government, he turns into - Mr. Hyde. “With justice, the bottom line is that Palestine is now governed by a government that does not believe. Therefore, the question at hand becomes: And if I do not agree with the method of governance. In Palestine, I should complain, but who will listen to my complaint about there is no way but to fight. The world and fighting has several methods. There are propaganda and the dissemination of opinions through newspapers to convince others of the justice of our demands. One reason is the way Palestine is now governed. As long as the Palestinian government uses force in twisted ways, we are not better than them, and we have the right then to follow the same path. In fact, when I presented to you some of the crimes committed by the Palestinian government, I did not mean that this was the reason that prompted us to fight, and sometimes we do not mean It is from this fighting that we transform the violent government of Palestine from a bad government to a good government, but we are fighting the government as an intruder on Palestine, and our goal is to eradicate it from its roots and expel it. Our goal is the same goal that everyone in the world aims at defending his country. You do it as sons of Palestine, so if someone says that we, as Jews, have no right to fight Britain, which owes it our presence in Palestine based on the Balfour Declaration, which gave us a homeland .. 169

Nationally, I answer him right away that this is not true, which is that the Jews in Palestine were looking forward to and when the fault of pure independence before the First World War and Aaron Hartchon, during that war, secretly entered Egypt and reunited a number of Palestinian youth and joined the ranks of the British warriors against Germany and Turkey He was asked about the price he demands in return for that. He replied, “We do not ask for money, but we want independence.” Pete Suri concluded his plea by saying: “D There are two different points of view, one of which is right and the other wrong. But if she sees that my faith is the wrong viewpoint, I am condemned, and this is what I want to put to the court: It was my patriotism that prompted me to commit the accident. Between the people of Palestine with a government that is alien to them, and our demands would not have differed whether there was a Balfour Declaration or not, and whether the issue of the national homeland remained for the Jews or not. After Suri made his plea, Hakim followed him, saying: And the law based on social justice in any country in the world grants every citizen his rights and protects them, and if any individual commits an act because of his country, he cannot be tried according to the law of the country in which he committed his act. They are accused of killing Lord Moyne, and we accuse the government that we here represent - - 170

Allwoods Moines in the Middle East by killing hundreds of my brothers and sisters, what is the law that leads Lord Moyen and his companions to justice? ! , and if the law of the country in which we are being tried does not recognize our national rights, this does not change the nature of the damages that have befallen us. The policemen who now pass through the streets of Palestine enjoy their freedom in those streets and the British flag is still hoisted on the Governor General’s Palace in Jerusalem. So where is justice for us.. and we have been raised since our inception on the principles of the Torah which says, “You shall not kill.” ! In the name of shame and in the name of slavery, I ask in the name of justice that the court judge our innocence. ! “The defendants’ defense was a clear fallacy. They tried, cleverly and skillfully, to delude the public opinion that their case is one of defending the homeland, against foreign occupation. Nationality of Judaism. Their crime was, in fact, only a link in the chain of pressure exerted by Zionism on England to expedite the fulfillment of the Balfour Declaration on January 22, 1945. The trial of Al-Yaher Hakim and Eliyahu Bet Suri ended with the issuance of the sentence of death by hanging: this ruling had a terrible effect on the psyche ... 171

Rafael Sadovsky, so he went to where the killers were buried in the Jewish cemeteries in Al-Basateen to visit them in their final resting place. For a long period of time, we were closed from Zionist activity. He started to erupt his fangs, and he was about to realize what he had gifted in Palestine in a part of the Arab world .. 172

Conclusion However, it is fair to stress that the Jews of Egypt did not all falter in the racist Zionist activities, despite the wide poisonous propaganda that surrounded them from every side, and despite the intense pressures exerted on them by the great Zionists in the name of religion, and despite the Jewish capitalists’ preference for these ideas. A number of educated, conscious, middle-class Jewish youths raised the banner of opposition to this Zionist activity and formed among themselves a group known as the “Anti-Zionist Movement.” Awareness of the Jewish youth, and to keep them from falling into the trap and claws of Zionism. The most prominent person who carried the banner of the struggle against Zionism was Hans Ben Ksvelt, the son of an Austrian dentist who lived in Egypt. Hans waged a fierce war against Zionist beliefs since 1942 and spread among his colleagues and friends A book by the English author - Renab, entitled Anti-Semitism and the Jewish Problem, a book prefaced by William Galisher, Secretary of the British Communist Party , 173

In it his author exposed Zionism as a capitalist system whose goal is to pull the Jews out of the battle of the class struggle, and considered it a divisive movement whose purpose is to gather the Jews in a specific place where they can serve the goals of colonialism. This group included a number of young Egyptian Jews, including the well-known journalist and Eric Rollo » Now as a correspondent for the French newspaper El Monde, and the lawyers: Youssef Darwish and Shehata Haroun, Raymond Dweck, Albert Arier and others. After the end of the Second World War, the Zionist organization found a favorable opportunity to achieve its goals through cultural associations and sports clubs such as the Maccabi Club, so it started spreading in these associations ideas that call for Immigration to Palestine as the national homeland of the Jews, and it was claimed that the invitation was spread in these clubs by a group of big capitalists, headed by “Clement Chicorel, Jacques Dass, Marcel Ventura, Raymond Cohen, Edwin Cohen and Sami Cohen.” After these clubs were preparing the psychological and intellectual matter for emigration to Palestine She was under the guise of the trips organized by the Maccabi Club for Jewish Youth to travel abroad, obtaining passports for them, and sending them to the From there, they secretly moved to kibbutzim, including Kibbutz “Kfar Giladeh, on the borders of Syria,” and Kibbutz Ha Givat near the city of Haifa. When the members of the anti-Zionist movement realized the danger of this plan, they decided to join those clubs in an attempt 174

It was necessary to reveal this hidden Zionist planning, but the two imams of the Zionist organization quickly became aware of them, and the danger that they joined to their goals, so they began to fight them using all illegal means, and the matter reached the point of beating them before holding the elections for the board of directors Maccabi Club On April 9, 1947, the Zionist elements controlling the club deliberately called the General Assembly in a way that violated the law. A delegate from the Ministry of Social Affairs did not attend it, as required by law. The Zionists mobilized a large number of their followers and supporters, most of whom were working in the shops owned by the big Jewish capitalists, especially Chicorel shops. They beat and seriously wounded some of them. In these circumstances, the election process was conducted, which resulted in the election of a board of directors entirely of Zionists. The newspaper “Sawt Al-Ummah” newspaper, in its issue dated April 22, 1947, referred to this incident and described it as a conspiracy orchestrated by the Zionists to get this club out of its original mission. After this incident, the progressive Jewish elements formed a group known as the “Jewish League to Combat Zionism.” The Egyptian and the National Movement . 175

Egyptian. It issued a pamphlet that it distributed to the institutions and shops in which Jews work. It also submitted a memorandum to the Ministry of Social Affairs declaring its allegiance to Egypt and its care for the interests of the Egyptian people, and its denunciation of the conspiracy orchestrated by the Zionist aggressive elements. I sent a statement to Sawt al-Umma newspaper, in which it said: On the occasion of what happened recently in the elections of the General Assembly of the Maccabi Sports Club, which appeared to be farcical and attacks as a result of the intervention of Zionist elements who wanted to infiltrate and control the sports youth, and turn their club into a center for broadcasting Zionist propaganda and a field for its aggressive activity, we, the Israeli youth, advance The Democratic Party in Cairo with our blatant protest and our absolute support for resisting these attempts, and we declare our condemnation of those sinful attempts whose motivators want to serve Zionism. He shedding groans for the victims of Nazism among the Jews 00 to agree to the establishment of the State of Israel on the land of Palestine, and the first building blocks of this state were hardly laid, until it revealed its reactionary and aggressive role, and that it is a pillar of imperialism aspiring to freedom and socialism, through which it threatens the peoples of the world Arabic 176

Index by Presentation by Yad Baha Al-Din - Chapter One: The Lives of the Jews Chapter Two: Chapter Three: Chapter Four: Chapter Five: The Zionist Movement Sucking the Corrective Movement Terrorism Rising Terrorism and Assassination of Lord Moyne Khatam 177 - - 81 90 117 135 173

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